The Doubles in Jacques Hotteterre`s Airs et brunettes (ca. I72I)

The Doubles in Jacques Hotteterre`s Airs et brunettes (ca. I72I)

The Doubles in Jacques Hotteterre's Airs et brunettes (ca. I 72 I) David Lasocki
Introduction
The name of Jacques Hotteterre "le Romain"
(1674-1763) is well known to woodwind players
today.1 A flautist at the court of Louis XIV, he
published the first method for the Baroque type
of transverse flute (and included instructions for
the recorder and oboe), wrote another method
for the musette and a treatise on the art of
preluding, and composed some attractive
chamber music that blended elements of the
French and Italian styles. 2 It is less well known
that around 1721, after he had finished writing
this fairly progressive music, he published a
collection of songs arranged for the flute under
the title Airs et brunettes a deux et trois dessus pour
les flutes traversieres tirez des meilleurs autheurs,
anciens et modernes, ensembles les airs de Mrs.
Lambert, Lully, De Bousset, &c les plus convenables
a la flute traversiere seule, ornez d'agremens par Mr.
Hotteterre Ie Romain et recueillis par M. ++++.3
This means: airs and brunettes for two and three
melody lines for flutes, taken from the best
composers, old and new; together with airs by
Lambert, Lully, De Bousset, etc. best suited to
the flute alone, embellished with ornaments by
Hotteterre Ie Romain and collected by Monsieur
X.
One of the songs in this purely French-style
collection, /lSi c'est un crime que l' aymer," was
originally published as early as 1621, but most
appeared in the period 1690-1710. Still, even the
most recent song, Jean-Baptiste de Bousset's
"Vous qui faites votre modelle," was ten years
old in 1721, and the collection has a more
retrospective cast than Hotteterre's other music.
One would be tempted to think that its late
appearance had something to do with its having
been collected by the anonymous Monsieur
++++ - presumably an aristocrat, whose name
could therefore not be mentioned. 4 But
Hotteterre himself was partly responsible for its
publication (along with the well-known Parisian
publisher Boivin). Moreover, some of the same
brunettes, also with ornamental variations,
appear in two other French flute collections of
about the same date - Michel Pignolet de
Monteclair, Brunettes ancienes et modernes
appropriees ala flute traversiere avec une basse
d'accompagnement ... Premier recueil contenant
douze suites qui peuvent aussy se jouer sur la flute a
bec, sur Ie violon, haubois, et autres instruments
(Paris: Boivin, ca. 1720) and Mr. R**, Brunettes ou
petits airs adeux dessus, al'usage de ceux qui
veulent apprendre ajouer de la flute traversiere
(Paris: Boivin, Le Clerc, 1725) - and even in a
collection of thirty years later: Michel Blavet,
Premier recueil de pieces, petits airs, brunettes,
menuets, etc.: avec des doubles et variations,
accomode pour les flutes traversreres, violons,
pardessus de viole, &c (Paris: composer, Boivin, Le
Clerc, ca. 1750).5
As the title suggests, the majority of pieces in
Hotteterre's collection (all notated in the French
violin clef) are for two melody lines, with a few
for three lines, grouped into five suites by key:
D major/minor, G major/minor, Bb minor, E
minor/major, and C minor.6 The texts of many
of the songs are underlaid. At the beginning of
the first suite, a note states that the treble clef
may be used to transpose it into B=, "pour
s'accorder avec les voix de dessus" (to accord
with soprano voices), indicating that one or
more lines could in fact be sung rather than, or
as well as, played on the flute. The third suite
has an indication that it could be similarly
transposed into G.
At the end of the collection comes a series of
twenty-one pieces "Pour la Flute Seule" (for
flute alone), grouped into three sets by key: G
major/minor, D major/minor, and C minor­
although this time they are not actually labeled
suites." 7 Again many of the words are
underlaid. Four times a transposition into the
soprano clef is given at the beginning of a piece,
but here this seems to indicate only the notation
and key of the original song, since the
transposed versions would be below the range
of the flute. As the title says, these songs were
ornamented by Hotteterre. Sometimes
Hotteterre transcribes the vocal ornamentation
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of the song; at other times he invents
ornamentation more idiomatic for the flute. In
fourteen cases he also supplies doubles, or
ornamental variations of the entire song. s Three
of the doubles - for IJDans ces deserts," IJDe mes
soupirs," and "Nicolas va voir Jeanne" - are
similar to the doubles supplied by the songs'
composers. All Hotteterre's arrangements are
valuable examples of the French style of
woodwind ornamentation of the early 18th
century.
The songs that Hotteterre arranged for solo
flute are of two types: airs de cour and brunettes.
James R. Anthony has written that
For almost 200 years the air de cour served
French composers as a primary model for
their vocal music. Lully consulted it rather
than Italian aria and recitative for the airs and
dialogues of his court and comedy ballets and
his tragedies lyriques; the recits of many
seventeenth-century motets were nourished
by it; and, in combination with dance
measures, its influence was felt in
instrumental music.... Its restricted range and
generally conservative harmony acted as a
deterrent to the adoption of Italian vocal
techniques throughout much of the grand
siecle.... The formal structure of most airs de
cour is simple. Short stanzas made up of four
or six lines are arranged musically in a variety
of binary forms; AB, AAB, or AABB are the
most common.... Where meter signs appear,
they have no metric significance and may be
viewed merely as a convenient way of
grouping time units; they must never be
interpreted as depicting strong or weak
accents. 9
A mid-17th century composer wrote that lithe
air proceeds in a free though serious measure
and movement and thus is more proper for the
expression of love and the tender emotions of
pain or of joy that it wakens in the heart. ... "lo
Toward the end of the 17th century, collections
of airs tended to be intermixed with songs in
lighter vein, including the brunette. The latter
generally has a more popular style of melody;
the words tend to be pastoral and amorous,
often indeed celebrating the eponymous
brunette.
Hotteterre on Ornaments
Before we discuss the ornamentation in the
doubles of the Airs et brunettes, it is worth
summarizing what Hotteterre wrote about
ornaments, or agrements as he called them. In
the Principes de la flute traversiere, ou flute
22
d'allemagne, de la flute a bec, ou flute douce, et du
haut-bois: divisez par traitez (paris, 1707), he
discussed seven different ornaments:
tremblement (trill), double cadence (trill with two­
note termination, tongued or slurred),flattement
(finger vibrato), battement (lower mordent), port­
de-voix (appoggiatura from below), coulement
(appoggiatura in a descending third), and accent
(a short note a pitch higher than the written
note). He remarked that a port-de-voix is often
followed by a battement. In the table of
ornaments included with the preface to the
second edition of his Pieces pour la flute
traversiere et autres instruments, avec la basse
continue (Paris, 1715), he added the port-de-voix
double (double appoggiatura from below), demie
cadence apuiee (a trill with a very long port-de­
voix), tour de gosier (turn), and tour de chant
(another kind of turn, apparently made at the
approach to a cadence).
In the 1715 preface he remarked that the
flattement, tremblement, and battement should all
be made faster or slower according to the tempo
and character of the piece. He also gave advice
on where some of his ornaments should be
added when they are not marked by the
composer. The flattement should be made on
almost all long notes. The tremblement must be
made on almost all accident sharps (except on
very short notes such as eighths and sixteenths).
The double cadence is often made when you
ascend one note after a tremblement. The
coulement must be made in all descending thirds.
Finally, the accent is normally made at the end of
a dotted quarter note followed by an eighth note
at the same pitch; also rarely on certain long
notes.
In the Principes, Hotteterre said nothing
about the length, accentuation, and placement
of the port-de-voix and coulement, leaving their
performance up to the elusive goUt (good taste)
that was all-important in the French music of
the era. Of course, contemporaries had the
benefit of having their taste shaped by hearing
these ornaments performed, whereas we have
only vague instructions, by Hotteterre and
others. From all these instructions one gets the
impression that for woodwind instruments such
ornaments were usually performed short,
unstressed, and before the beat. The Airs et
brunettes, however, suggest that this is not
always the case.
Ornaments in the Airs et brunettes
In order to help readers understand both
ornaments and freer ornamentation in
Hotteterre's Airs et brunettes, the examples at
the end of this article reproduce all of the
pieces that have doubles. I have transposed
these examples in order to make them more
suitable for playing on the alto recorder.
Hotteterre himself recommended playing flute
pieces a minor third higher on the recorder.u
But this sometimes results in difficult keys
(such as Bb minor), so in those cases I have
transposed by a major second or major third.
Hotteterre's key - and, where known, the
original key of the song - are stated in each
case. For "Dans ces deserts," "De mes
soupirs," and "Nicholas va voir Jeanne," I
have included the doubles from the original
songs, so you can readily see that Hotteterre
retained most of them, generally only altering
the rhythm here and there.
Hotteterre intended that these songs should
be played unaccompanied. In my edition I
added the bass lines from the original songs,
with bass figures when they were available, so
that the pieces could be played with an
accompaniment if desired. (I have also given
the bass lines here, except for the two pieces I
did not include in my edition, "Je suis aime de
celle que j'adore" and "Ruisseau qui dans la
pleine.") In studying the doubles, however, it is
worth bearing in mind that the ornamentation
might be affected by the intended absence of
this bass line.
I have also added symbols to indicate the
various ornaments and ornamental devices that
Hotteterre uses in his doubles (see the list of
abbreviations below). These indications are
meant to be helpful rather than definitive: each
time I go through the pieces I spot another
ornament, or one that can be conceived in
another way. If they stimulate your own
thinking about ornaments, they will have served
their purpose.
Port-de-vaix
As in his writings, Hotteterre generally notates
the port-de-voix with the sign V. In both duple
and triple meters, the favored position is on the
first beat (25 and 28 times, respectively). In
duple meters the ornament also occurs about
half that number of times on the third beat (14
times) and occasionally on the fourth beat (3
times); in triple meters the ornament also occurs
about one-third that number of times on the
third beat (10 times) and occasionally on the
second beat (4 times).
"Dans ces deserts"
"L'autre jour"
C beat 3 (2 times)
2 beat 1 (8 times)
beat 3 (5 times)
beat 4 (2 times)
2 beat 4 (1 time)
"Si c' est un crime"
"Rochers, vous etes sourds" ¢ beat 1 (4 times)
beat 3 (2 times)
"Nicolas va voir Jeanne"
¢ beat 1 (1 time)
beat 3 (1 time)
"Le beau berger"
¢ beat 1 (5 times) beat 3 (2 times) "Berger prend soin"
¢ beat 1 (7 times) beat 3 (2 times) "Rochers, je ne veux point" 3/2 beat 1 (6 times) beat 3 (2 times)
"Si c' est un crime"
3/2 beat 3 (1 time)
/lSi c' est un crime"
3/2 beat 3 (1 time)
"Ah! vous ne voulez pas" 3/2 beat 1 (5 times)
beat 2 (2 times)
beat 3 (1 time)
"De mes soupirs"
3/2 beat 1 (5 times)
beat 3 (1 time)
"Dans ces deserts"
3 beat 1 (5 times)
"Si c'est un crime"
3 beat 3 (1 time)
"L'amour"
3 beat 1 (6 times)
beat 3 (4 times)
Air
3 beat 1 (1 time)
beat 2 (2 times)
beat 3 (1 time)
As well as notating the ornament with a V,
Hotteterre writes it out as a small quarter note
in three situations, always on the first beat:
(1) leading to a dotted half note, half note, or
dotted quarter note with a notated battement
(,Rochers, je ne veux point," 2; ilL' amour," 25;
"Si c' est un crime," 25; "Le beau berger Tircis,"
1,6);
(2) leading to a dotted quarter note or quarter
note ("Rochers, je ne veux point," 13; "Dans ces
deserts," 10; ilL' autre jour," 9; "Le beau berger
Tircis," 9); and
(3) leading to a sixteenth note ("Rochers, je ne
veux point," 7). Less frequently, he writes it out
in regular notation as an eighth note before the
beat, leading to a half note or quarter note
("Rochers, vous etes sourds," 10-11; "Dans ces
deserts," 8-9; "Si c' est un crime," 16-17; "Berger
prend soin," 8-9).
Port-de-voix double
This ornament is found a few times, leading to
tremblements (ilL'autre jour," 20, 28; "Si c' est un
crime," 20) and also to plain notes (ilL' autre
jour," 2, 6; Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 3).
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Coulement
Hotteterre only once notates the coulement with
the inverted V, and it occurs in a descending
second, not a third ("L'autre jour," 3). There it
may be intended to be performed short and
strong. That also seems to be the case with the
instance of a coulement notated as a quarter
note leading to a quarter note on a fourth beat,
but where the double has a notated dotted
sixteenth note ("Berger prend soin," 9).
Otherwise, the short and weak interpretation
seems frequent, when the ornament is notated
as a small quarter note leading to a half note on
the third beat (" Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 4); to a
quarter note on the first beat ("Si c' est un
crime," 13; "Le beau berger Tircis," 7); to a
quarter note on the second beat or pulse
("Rochers, je ne veux point," 7; "Dans ces
deserts," 13); to a quarter note on the third beat
(Air, 8); and to a quarter note on the fourth beat
(" Berger prend soin," 4). The same
interpretation seems almost certain when the
coulement is notated as a small sixteenth note
leading to a quarter note or dotted eighth note
(ilL' amour," 4; "Nicolas va voir Jeanne," 9), and
especially when it leads to the eighth-plus-two­
sixteenths figure which Quantz says should be
played short, soft, and before the beat in the
French style of playing ("Le beau berger Tircis,"
6).12
Sometimes, however, the positioning of the
ornament suggests a long and strong
interpretation: a quarter note leading to a dotted
half note on the first beat (ilL' autre jour," 4, 8;
the double has a notated eighth note in same
position); a quarter note leading to a quarter
note on the third beat in duple meter ("Berger
prend soin," 9); a quarter note leading to a
dotted eighth note on a trill ("Dans ces deserts,"
18); and an eighth note leading to a half note on
the first beat ("Rochers, vous etes sourds," 7).
Another instance might also qualify: a coulement
notated as a quarter leading to a dotted half
note on the first beat ("Rochers, je ne veux
point," 4), except that the double has a
tremblement at this point in a rhythm that
suggests the shortest of appoggiaturas.
The coulement also occurs once leaping a
third (" Berger prend soin," 9).
II
"Accent double" A kind of double accent is found in ilL' autre jour," 2; also, followed by a regular coulement, in "De mes soupirs," 5, and "Berger prend soin/' 10.
Turns
In his doubles Hotteterre writes out two different
types of turn: four notes (" Ah! vous ne voulez
pas," 18) and five notes (" Rochers, je ne veux
point," 7; "Le beau berger Tircis," 13).
Freer Ornamentation in the Airs et brunettes
The doubles in the Airs et brunettes are generally
so free that they have almost the impression of
improvisations. The oldest song, "Si c' est un
crime" (Boesset, 1621 ?), which has more long
notes than the others, gives rise to the freest
ornamentation. Hotteterre was not alone in this
approach to ornamentation. After studying all
the surviving 17th-century doubles for keyboard
and lute, Stuart Cheney wrote: "It is unlikely
that we shall ever know whether doubles are
primarily the result of careful composition or
are improvisations recorded in notation. What
evidence there is leans toward a third possibility
- some combination of these two, a kind of
ideal improvisation.... We can safely assume
that composers ... took care with those doubles
they presented in printed editions to the public,
applying the science of composition in order to
polish what may have originated spontaneously
in performance."13 In any case, this freedom of
expression means that Hotteterre's ornamen­
tation procedures cannot be generalized into
any method a la Telemann. Yet a number of
useful points can be made.
"Coulement double" Appoggiaturas
Like the port-de-voix double, this ornament consists of two little notes rather than one. Hotteterre does not mention it in his writings, but he uses it twice in the doubles of these Airs et brunettes: on its own ("Si c' est un crime," 18) and leading to a tremblement ("De mes soupirs," 13). We have seen above that it is possible to make
a tentative classification of Hotteterre's ports­
de-voix into short and weak, short and strong,
and long and strong. Fortunately, no such
indecision exists with his notation of long
appoggiaturas in his doubles. 14 He makes
effective use of such ornaments a number of
times, generally an eighth note in length:
"Rochers, je ne veux point," 9, 14, 15, 16 (eighth,
eighth, eighth, passing dotted eighth); "Dans ces
deserts," 7 (eighth); "Si c' est un crime/' 16
Accent
Recall that the accent is a little note that
Hotteterre says is found in dotted figures and
24
at the end of certain long notes. Here it is found twice at the end of a long note (ilL' autre jour," 2, 6) and once anticipating a tremblement ("Si c' est un crime," 13). It is also found descending rather than ascending in four places ("Dans ces deserts," 16; Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 5; "De mes soupirs," 10; "Le beau berger Tircis," 5,8). The ascending type is written out in regular notation in the double to "Rochers, je ne veux point, 5. (dotted eighth); "L'amour," 15, 17 (sixteenth,
eighth); " Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 2, 7 (eighth,
eighth); "De mes soupirs," 4, 6 (eighth, quarter);
and Berger prend soin," 13 (quarter). Four
times he uses what I can only describe as a kind
of double appoggiatura, both below and above
the following note (JiRochers, je ne veux point,"
7, 11; "L'autre jour," 27; "Nicolas va voir
Jeanne," 1, 8).
II
Neighbor Tones and Passing Tones
As one would expect, neighbor tones and
passing tones are common ornamental devices
in the doubles. The neighbor tones are
particularly striking when repeated, as in
ilL' autre jour," 7, 10, or in "Dans ces deserts,"
17 (when they could be considered a repeated
accent).
Chord Tones
Chord tones, too, are common. They make a
telling effect when unexpected (as in "Dans ces
deserts," 2, 17; ilL' autre jour," 12, 14, 20, 22, 26;
"Si c' est un crime," 19; "L' amour," 17; Ah!
vous ne voulez pas," 8) or a seventh is added to
the chord ("Si c'est un crime," 18; "L'amour,"
22).
II
Thirds
Hotteterre rarely creates a pure leap of a third
involving a non-chord tone, the one in Berger
prend soin," 6b, being an anticipation of a
similar figure in the song a measure later. But
filled-in thirds are common in Hotteterre's
vocabulary, generally with short-short-Iong
rhythm ("Rochers, je ne veux point," 8;
JlRochers, vous etes sourds," 10,25; "Dans ces
deserts," 6; "Si c' est un crime," 15; ilL' amour,"
19; "Berger prend soin," 9), sometimes a variant
of long-short-short ("Si c' est un crime," 4; " Ah!
vous ne voulez pas," 8; Air, 7; "Berger prend
soin," 4), sometimes in even rhythm (" De mes
soupirs," 9). An attractive figure, filling in a
third down then a third up, is found in
"Rochers, je ne veux point," 9.
II
Larger Intervals
Hotteterre is adept at filling in larger intervals,
whether they already exist in the melody or he
creates them as part of the ornamentation.
Even when the melodic material is strictly
scalar, he is often inventive with rhythms and
articulations ("Rochers, je ne veux point," 13;
JlRochers, vous etes sourds, 15, 22; "Dans ces
deserts," 2, 8, 9, 16-17; "L'amour," 3-4, 10, 11­
12, 16; "Ah, vous ne voulez pas," 3, 10-11, 14­
15; "Le beau berger Tircis," 5, 13; "Berger
prend soin," 10). Often, he adds a twist or two
to the melodic material ("Rochers, je ne veux
point," 10, 18; "Dans ces deserts," 14; ilL' autre
jour," 3, 7, 12, 14, 20, 22; "Si c'est un crime," 9,
13; De mes soupirs," 5).
JI
Escape Tones
A prominent feature of Hotteterre's
ornamentation language is the use of echappes,
or escape tones: non-chord tones which are
resolved in the opposite direction from that in
which they were approached. The escape tone
is generally, but not always, higher than the
previous note. Sometimes the resolution is
made directly to a chord tone (" Rochers, vous
etes sourds," 12; "Dans ces deserts," 7; ilL'autre
jour," 26; "Si c'est un crime," 1; "L'amour," 19;
" Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 17; "De mes soupirs,"
3,5; "Nicolas va voir Jeanne," 7; Air, 8, 13; "Le
beau berger Tircis," 7; "Berger prend soin," 2,5,
13). But sometimes an appoggiatura intervenes
("Rochers, je ne veux point," 15; "Rochers, vous
etes sourds," 19-20; JlSi c' est un crime," 13; Ah!
vous ne voulez pas," 4; "Le beau berger Tircis,"
3) or there is a more complex resolution
(JiRochers, je ne veux point," 13, 18; JlRochers,
vous etes sourds," 19; Nicolas va voir Jeanne,"
11). Hotteterre is also fond of a kind of escape­
tone turn" ("Rochers, je ne veux point," 19;
"Dans ces deserts," 11; "Si c'est un crime," 16;
"L'amour," 5,17; Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 11).
JI
II
1/
II
Other Non-chord Tones
In two cases, Hotteterre's non-chord tones are so
striking that they may well be engraving
mistakes (ilL' autre jour," 4, 9; "L' amour," 23).
The d" in "Dans ces deserts," 13, is an antici­
pation of the same note two beats later and
certainly works well without a bass line, when
the pieces are played solo as Hotteterre primar­
ily intended. The a" and f#" in the second
double of "Le beau berger Tircis," 9, seem to be
conceived as a displacement of the same notes
a beat earlier in the first double. The a' at the
beginning of "Si c'est un crime," 7, also works
well without a bass line, and the whole mea­
sure can be seen as an ornamentation of the A­
C interval, preceded and followed by A's in the
melody. The two non-chord tones in " Ah!
vous ne voulez pas," 17, are perhaps best seen
as the beginning of an extended messanza
followed by a continuation of the melodic arc
- again, fine without a bass line. The disso­
nant g" in "De mes soupirs," 9, also makes
sense as part of a melodic arc.
Compound Ornaments
There are a number of instances of the four-note
figures that William Pepper found in Tele­
mann's Methodical Sonatas 15: the gruppetto
("L' amour," 7; "Nicolas va voir Jeanne," I, 5, 7),
the half-circle ("Rochers, je ne veux point," 4;
"Dans ces deserts," 10, 18; JlL'autre jour," 20; JlSi
c'est un crime," 12; Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 8;
"De mes soupirs," 13; "Le beau berger Tircis," 3;
"Berger prend soin," 2, II), the messanza
("Rochers, je ne veux point," II, 17; "Dans ces
deserts," 4; J'L'autre jour," 26, 28; "Si c'est un
II
25
crime," 2, 28; /lL' amour," 12, 23; Ah! vous ne
voulez pas," 5, 17), and the open circle (/lDans
ces deserts," 2).
/I
Playing with Rhythms
For Hotteterre, the rhythms of small figures are
fair game for transformation. For example, in
"L'autre jour," 11/19,15/23, short-long figures
are changed to long-short, and dotted to
undotted or vice versa.
Pauses
Hotteterre's doubles for "L'autre jour" (4-7,11­
12, 14-16, 19-20, 22-24) are noteworthy for his
continual use of expressive pauses. Some of
them (nun. 6, 16) are similar to Franc;ois
Couperin's aspiration - literally, breath" - a
cutting short of a long note. 16 The rest do
behave like the snatching of breath within a
phrase (see also Ah! vous ne voulez pas," 11).
II
II
Rhythmic Displacement
Perhaps the most interesting feature of
Hotteterre's ornamentation style is his rhythmic
displacement of song notes in his doubles. (I
have marked all such occurrences with diagonal
lines in the musical examples.) For example, in
"Rochers, je ne veux point," the f" and eb" in m.
4 are both delayed by a beat; and in m. 9 the f#"
is delayed by a beat and the g" by half a beat.
There are two particularly fine examples: In the
second double of "Le beau berger Tircis," the
opening five notes are all displaced by half a
beat or a beat. In Ah! vous ne voulez pas,"
10-11, the opening of the phrase "to express to
you my desires"17 is delayed by a beat, then
Hotteterre further stretches out the phrase with
a filled-in third, a pause, and an escape-tone
turn. Less frequently, notes are displaced before
their position in the song ("Si c'est un crime, 1­
2, 8-9), or even both before and after in a kind
of prolongation ("Rochers, je ne veux point,"
15).
1/
Divisions
Several times Hotteterre literally makes
divisions by dividing a note (or part of it) into
two or three parts on the same pitch ("Rochers,
je ne veux point," 4; "Rochers, vous etes
sourds," 6, 7, 18, 23; Ah! vous ne voulez pas,"
5; "De mes soupirs," 2, 8; "Le beau berger
Tircis," 4; "Berger prend soin," 8).
1/
Conclusions
The doubles in Jacques Hotteterre's Airs et
brunettes are fascinating examples of ornamental
variations in a free, almost improvisatory
manner. They provide some insight into where
agrements can be added. Even more helpfully,
they show how an ornamented melody can be
built up from a combination of agrements and a
vocabulary of appoggiaturas, neighbor tones
26
and passing tones, thirds, chord tones, escape
tones and other non-chord tones, filled-in
intervals, and compound ornaments. For me,
the most interesting feature of Hotteterre's
ornamentation style is his use of rhythmic
displacement, in which the original notes are
moved earlier or later in the bar, often to great
expressive effect.
I hope that the transposed versions of
Hotteterre's pieces I have provided will
encourage recorder players to perform and
program them - and of course, teachers to use
them in lessons. A selection of ornamented airs
and brunettes, perhaps in conjunction with a
singer, should provide a welcome change from
the usual diet of sonatas and suites.
As an exercise in analysis, I leave you the
two extra songs without a bass line, "Je suis
aime de celIe que j'adore" and "Ruisseau qui
dans la pleine." You and your students could
supply a bass line and try to identify the
ornamental devices in the doubles.
As further exercises, you can make up your
own doubles to any of the songs. It might be
helpful to first use Betty Bang Mather's method
of taking one type of ornamental device at a
time - e.g., neighbor tones and passing tones;
chord tones - and seeing how it can be
applied to a whole song. When you have these
devices at your fingertips, you can then use a
judicious selection of them along with
agrements to produce a pleasing and tasteful
double.
Texts and Translations
Rochers, je ne veux point que votre Eco fidelle
Redise les malheurs don't je me plains a vous
Iris est si charmante et ma flame est si belle
Qu'en decouvrant ce que je sens pour elle
Vous me feriez mille jaloux.
Rocks, I don't want to be only your faithful echo
Tell me again the woes about which I complain
to you
Iris is so charming and my passion is so
beautiful
That in discovering what I feel for her
You would make me jealous a thousand times.
Rochers, vous etes sourds, vous n'avez rien de
tendre
Et sans vous ebranIer vous m'ecoutez icy.
L'ingrat don't je me plains est un rocher aussy
Mais helas il s'en fuit pour ne me pas entendre.
Rocks, you are deaf, you have nothing of the
tender
And without shaking you, you listen to me here.
The ingrate of whom I complain is also a rock
But alas he runs away so as not to hear me.
Das ces deserts paisibles, Rochers, que votre sort est doux. Vous etes insensible; Trop heureux qui l' est comme vous. In these peaceful deserts, Rocks, how sweet your fate is. You are without feeling; Too happy, whoever is like you. L'autre jour rna Cloris, Pour que mon coeur soupire, Avec un doux souris, S'en vint tout bas me dire: Mon berger, mes amours, M'aimerez-vous toujours? The other day my Cloris, For whom my heart sighs, With a sweet smile, Bent very low to ask me: My shepherd, my love, Will you love me always? Si c'est un crime que I'aymer, l'on en doit justement blamer Que les beautes que sont en ene. La faute en est aux Dieux Qui la firent si belle, Mais non pas ames yeux. If it's a crime that 1 love, One must rightly blame How beautiful she is. The fault is with the Gods Who made her so beautiful, Not with my eyes. L'amour, Ie seul amour est cause Que je neglige mon troupeau; Mais comme il est Ie moindre du hameau, On dira que c'est peu de chose: Ah! quand j' aurois tous Ie moutons Des bergers de nos cantons Je les negligerois encore Pour Ie bergere que j' adore. Love, only love is the cause That I neglect my flock; But as it is the meagerest hamlet People will say that it's nothing: Ah! if I had all the sheep Of the shepherds of our cantons I would neglect them still For the shepherdess whom I adore. Ah! vous ne voulez pas entendre Le langage de mes soupirs: l'amour n'en a point de plus tendre Pour vous exprimer mes desirs. Ah! you don't want to hear The language of my sighs: Love has nothing more tender To express to you my desires. De mes softpirs, de rna langueur, Ecoutez Ie tendre langage: Rien ne sc;auroit exprimer davantage Tout l'amour que vos yeux font sentir a mon coeur.
De mes soft pirs, &c
Of my sighs, of my languor, Listen to the language of tenderness: Nothing more could express All the love that your eyes make felt by my heart.
Of my sighs, etc.
Nicolas va voir Jeanne, Et Jeanne dormez-vous? Je ne dors, ny ne veille, Et ne pense point a vous; Vous y perdez pas, Nicolas; Sont tous pas perdus pour vous. Nicholas is going to see Jeanne, And Jeanne, are you sleeping? I'm neither sleeping nor waking, And I'm not thinking of you; You're not losing anything, Nicholas, By not having what you want. Le beau berger Tircis, Pres de sa chere Annette: Sur les bords du Loir assis, Chantoit dessus sa muzette; Ah! petite brunette, Ah! tu me fais mourir! The handsome shepherd Tirds, Near to his dear Annette: Sitting on the banks of the Loir, Playing on his musette; Ah! little brunette, Ah! you make me die! Berger, prend soin de mon troupeau, Amour me donne trop d'affaires: Je vais attendre sous l' ormeau La plus ingratte des bergeres: Ah! quand on est bien amoureux, Tout autre soin paroit facheux. Shepherd, take care of my flock, Love is giving me too much trouble: I'm going to wait under the young elm For the most ungrateful of shepherdesses: Ah! when you are really in love, Every other care appears unfortunate. 27
Je suis aime de celle que j' adore
C'est un secret charmant qui n'est sceu que de
nous
Nos plaisirs sont dautant plus doux
Que tous Ie monde les ignore
Et que nous trompons les jaloux.
(Amsterdam: Broekmans en Van Poppe!, 1984),
33-54; and Delpha LeAnn House, "Jacques
Hotteterre 'Ie Romain': A Study of his Life and
Compositional Style" (Ph.D. dissertation, The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
1991).
I am loved by the one I adore
It's a charming secret that's only ours
Our pleasures are all the sweeter
Because everyone is ignoring them
And we are deceiving the jealous.
2. His writings are:
Principes de la flute traversiere, ou flute
Ruisseau qui dans la pleine
Precipite ton cours
De la part des amours
Va dire a Celimeine
Les maux que ses beaux yeux
ant cause dans ces lieux.
Stream who into the plain
Rushes onwards
On behalf of love
Go to tell Celimeine
The harm that her beautiful eyes
Have caused in these parts.
Key to Abbreviations for Musical Examples
appoggiatura
A
Ac accent
asp aspiration
C
chord tone
D
double appoggiatura (not Hotteterre's
port-de vaix double)
div
E
G
H
M
N
a
P
S
T
X
divided note
echappe (escape tone)
gruppetto
half-circle
messanza
neighbor tone
open circle
passing tone
suspension
turn
non-chord tone
Notes
1. The most recent studies of Hotteterre's life
and work are Jane M. Bowers' article on the
Hotteterre family in The New Grove Dictionary of
Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan;
Washington, DC: Grove's Dictionaries of
Music,1980); her article "The Hotteterre Family
of Woodwind Instrument Makers," in
Concerning the Flute, ed. Rien de Reede
28
d'allemagne, de la flute a bec, ou flute douce, et du
haut-bois: divisez par traitez (Paris, 1707).
Facsimile of Amsterdam ed. (ca. 1710), Kassel:
Barenreiter, 1982 (first published 1942).
Facsimile of 1720 Paris ed., Geneva: Minkoff
Reprint, 1973. English translation by Paul
Marshall Douglas as Principles of the Flute,
Recorder & Oboe (Principes de la flute) (New
York: Dover, 1983; first published 1968).
English translation by David Lasocki as
Principles of the Flute, Recorder & Oboe (London:
Barrie & Rockliff; New York: Praeger, 1968).
The preface to his Premier livre de pieces pour
la flute-traversiere, et autres instruments avec la
basse ... Oeuvre second. Nouvelle edition.... (Paris,
1715).
L'art de preluder sur la flute traversiere, sur la
flute-a-bec, sur Ie haubois, et autres instruments de
deflus (Paris, 1719). Facsimile, Geneva: Minkoff
Reprint, 1978.
Methode pour la musette (Paris, 1738).
Facsimile, Geneva: Minkoff Reprint, 1977.
On Hotteterre's synthesis of the French and
Italian styles, see House's dissertation and Brian
Alexander Berryman, "Jacques-Martin
Hotteterre, Les gouts reunis und die Entwicklung
der franzosischen Barockmelodik," Tibia 20, no.
3 (1995): 517-31.
3. One surviving copy of the original print gives
no address for Hotteterre; but another copy has
"rue de Seine a l'Hotel d' Arras," which is also
found on his arrangement of duets by Robert
Valentine, dated 1721. Yet other publications of
Hotteterre's, including one from 1719 and one
from 1722, use the address "rue dauphine au
coin de la rue contrescarpe." Thus around 1721
he seems to have been using a temporary
address, which in this case gives us our best
information on the dating of the Airs et
brunettes. For diplomatic transcriptions of the
appropriate title pages, see Gregory Paul
Dikmans, "The Performance Practice of Early
18th-Century French Flute Music: A Critical
Translation of Jacques Hotteterre's Principes de
la flute traversiere, Commentary and Recording
of Selected Works," M.A. thesis, La Trobe
University, Australia, 1991, vol. 3, pp. 128-48.
A facsimile of the Airs et brunettes has been
published by Minkoff Reprint (Geneva, 1991). I
published an edition of the solo pieces only
under the title: Ornamented Airs and Brunettes for
Solo Flute (Oboe/Violin/Recorder in C) (Basso
continuo ad lib.) (London: Nova Music, 1980).
13. Cheney, "Observations," 26-27.
14. Hotteterre never uses the Italian term
appoggiatura, only the French port-de-voix. But
I find appoggiatura convenient for
distinguishing between the long ornament in
regular notation and the indeterminate
ornament in small notation.
4. lowe this idea to Donald Fader.
5. Hotteterre's collection is full of engraving
errors, large and small, so he clearly did not
supervise the publication carefully.
For doubles of "Le beau berger Tircis" by Mr.
R** and Monreclair, and of "L'autre jour" by
Mr. R** and Blavet, see Betty Bang Mather and
David Lasocki, Free Ornamentation in Woodwind
Music, 1700-1775: An Anthology with Introduc­
tion (New York: McGinnis & Marx, 1976), 120-28.
6. This paragraph and the two following are
based on the preface to my edition.
7. When I published my edition, I did not
realize that the photocopy I was working from
was lacking pp. 75-76. As a result, my edition
is missing three pieces, two of which have
doubles: "Je suis aime de celle que j' adore,"
"Ruisseau qui dans la pleine," and "On a
beau feindre." Transposed versions of the two
of these with doubles will be found in the
musical examples in this present article.
8. On the double, see especially Stuart Cheney,
"Observations on French Instrumental Variation
Practices in the Seventeenth Century," The
Consort no. 54 (Summer 1998): 18-32.
9. French Baroque Music from Beaujoyeulx to
Rameau, rev. and expanded ed. (Portland, OR:
15. William Bloomfield Pepper, II, "The
Alternate Embellishment in the Slow
Movements of Telemann's Methodical Sonatas,"
Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1973.
16. L'art de toucher Ie clavecin = The Art of
Playing the Harpsichord, ed. and trans. Margery
Halford ([Sherman Oaks, CA]: Alfred
Publishing, 1974), 13, 34.
17. The text of the double at this point is
actually "vous l' apprendre par mon trepas"
(you will learn it by my demise), an even more
expressive phrase.
Dr. David Lasocki is Head of Reference
Services in the William and Gayle Cook Music
Library at Indiana University. As a
musicologist, he has specialized in the history
of woodwind instruments, their social history,
repertoire, and performance practice. His most
recent books are (with Andrew Ashbee,
assisted by Peter Holman and Fiona Kisby) A
Biographical Dictionary of English Court
Musicians, 1485-1714 (Aldershot, Hants. &
Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1998) and (ed.) A Time
of Questioning: Proceedings of the International
Double-Reed Symposium Utrecht 1994 (Utrecht:
STIMU, 1999). He has written "Recorder" and
twenty other articles for the second edition of
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and
Musicians, due out in late 2000.
Amadeus Press, 1997),407,410.
10. Pierre Perrin in a manuscript Recueil de
paroles de musique (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale,
fro 2208, ca. 1667), quoted in Anthony, French
Baroque Music, 445.
11. In the preface to his Premier livre de pieces
pour la flute-traversiere, et autres instruments avec
la basse ... Oeuvre second. Nouvelle edition.... (Paris:
author, Foucault/author, Boivin, 1715).
12. See Johann Joachim Quantz, Versuch einer
Anweisung die Flote traversiere zu spielen (Berlin,
1752), 197; English translation by Edward R.
Reilly as On Playing the Flute, 2nd ed. (New
York: Schirmer Books, 1985), 228.
29
I: Rochers, je ne veux point
Benigne de Bacilly (?)
Original key: G major
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33
3: Dans ces deserts paisibles
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Lully's key: C minor
Double probably by Michel Lambert
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35
4: L' autre jour
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continued page 38
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37
4: L' autre jour (continued) 20
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Antoine Boesset
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continued page 40
-+
39
5: Si c' est un crime ( continued)
16
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7th
6: L'amour
Michel Lambert
Hotteterre's key: D major
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L'a-mour,
•
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40
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41
7: Ah! vous ne voulez pas Michel Lambert (?)
Hotteterre's key: D major
fl
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43
8: De mes soupirs Jean-Baptiste de Bousset
Bousset's key: G major
Hotteterre's key: D major
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mes
De
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45
9: Nicolas va voir Jeanne
Original key: A minor
Hotteterre's key: D minor
Gay
....
Ni
Hotteterre's
Double
Ii
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co -
las
va
voir
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ne,
Jean
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Original
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Jean
if
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10: Air
On joue cet air par Echo
Hotteterre's key: D major
Mod:r:
v
Double
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continued page 48
~
47
I 0: Air ( continued) 14
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I I: Le beau berger Tircis
Hotteterre's key: C minor
v
Le
beau
ber -
ger
Tir
cis,
v
Pres
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Double
~
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i~~~~~~ij~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6
3
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48
6
6
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49
12: Berger, prend soin de mon troupeau
Hotteterre's key: C minor
v
ger,
prend
soin
A­
trou peau,
~
Double
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6
4
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6
50
r r r
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6
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6
13: Je suis anne
Michel Lambert
Lambert's key: G minor
Hotteterre's key: D minor
V
~~\ 3 I'
P Co rl1Ft+
r
I~'
ai-me
de
eel
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Je suis
Double
5
It
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seeu
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de
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11.
10
4;1,I,
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+
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nous
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Nos plai
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r
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plus
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L
continued page 52 -+
51
13: Je suis aime (continued) 18
I'i
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52
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L+
que nous trom
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