freedom of the press

1
CONTENTS
1. PRINTING...............................................................................................3
2. TELEVISION...........................................................................................4
2.1. Colour TV..........................................................................................4
2.2. Children Are Influnced By Television.................................................5
3. RADIO.....................................................................................................6
4. PRESS FREEDOM..................................................................................7
4.1. News.................................................................................................8
4.1.1. Classifications Of Colorful News..............................................8
4.2. Freedom Of The Press .....................................................................8
5. Attracting Peoples Attention ....................................................................9
6. For Drawing Attention Journalists Passed Colorful News.........................9
7. Arising Of The Newspaper ......................................................................9
8. Magazine................................................................................................10
8.1. Affection For The Media...................................................................10
8.2. Trying To Fool People......................................................................10
8.3. The Media Is Used By Politicians.....................................................10
9. BASIC JOURNALISM.............................................................................11
10. WHO?.....................................................................................................11-12-13
11. QUESTIONNAIRE..................................................................................14-15
12. THE RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE...................................................16-..-22
13. CENCORSHIP.........................................................................................23
13.1.
What Were The Comlaints Which Were Brought? ..................23
13.2.
Radio And Television Top Comitee .........................................23
13.3.
Classıfıcation Of Publications...................................................24
13.4.
Classıfıcation Of Topics For Newspapers and Magazines .......25
2
PRINTING
The Mass Production of text and illustration by applying inked blocks or type to
paper. Wood block printing, where the image of each page is carved in wood
originated in China in the 8th century A.D. And the earliest known complete book is
Chinese Buddhist prayer book of 869. Printing from carved wood blocks appeared in
Europe in the 14th century. Moveable type made of wood was developed in China,
and later in Korea of metal. This way unknown in Europe in the 145 when Gutenberg
invited movable metal type. Printing spread quickly and by the 1480s nearly all
European countries had printing presses. The development of printing meant that
many copies of invidual titles could be produced more quickly and cheaply than by
scribes copying manuscripts. It also enabled ideas to be disseminated much more
widely, frequently in vernacular languages rather than the lottin of scholars.
“Erasmus” and Luther explanted printing’s potential and universities, cowers and
doctors benefited from a much wider range of texts:
News and entertainment were spread by newspaper from the 18th century and in the
19th century literature was increasingly made available through periodicals and
journals as well as books. Encyclopedias and circulating cibraries accelerated the
diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge.
3
TELEVISION
Television became a fact after long research from a lot of scientists. One of them
Paul Nipkow (1860-1940) In 1926 John L Baird (1888-1946) managed to convey an
image to distant place. A Russian scholar Vlddemir K. Zworykin who emigrated to
United States (1889-?).
COLOUR TV
The TV which was developed by Hanrt de France in 1959 is based on the number 3
the image which is supplied by cameraed objective is decomposed in three colures;
red, green, and blue. In a series and very quickly a point which is taken from every
color TV there is one special tube for every color. A person who is sitting at a suitable
distance can’t see all the colored points and he suppose that it is one color.
4
CHILDREN ARE INFLUNCED BY TV
The news is a prime. Over the past 10 years, the news philosophy of many local
television news programs has been “If it bleeds, it leads.” The news has moved
toward sensationalism, with murders and ropes often securing top billing.
In a survey in the early 90s, a university of Oklahoma professor found that more than
half of the 101 news professionals questioned said they would rather air tape
including a gunshot and death than no footage at all.
The evenings news airs during traditional dinnertime when children of families with
the T.V. on can absorb images of violence without parents thinking twice. According
to American media critic.
Dale uncles report in the Fall 1994 Media Studies Journal, “Forty –eight percent of all
T.V. news stories about children involver reports of crime and violence.
“Monday Night Raw a professional wresting program broadcast on the U.S.A.
network has been under fire recently for its increase in bloody violence and sexual
degradation. Frequent child injuries and even a recent death that have accrued while
emulating programme wrestling moves have sparkled the nation wide criticism of the
product. Language, What can parents do to ensue their children aren’t reaping
negative effects.
5
RADIO
Both transmitter and a receiver are the parts of communication equipment for
roadcasting which is done by electro-magnetic waves.
The Halion Guglielmo Morconi invented winless telegraph.
The 12th December 1901 wireless waves were saint over the Atlantic Ocean and
Radio’s distance was discovered.
In 1910 American Geginald Fessenden announced his success.
Wineless telephone system which was invented by Fessenden managed to send the
human voice to distant places.
In 1919 The American President Wilson used winless radio messages to transmit
messages from ships. One year later the first radio station was settled up in America.
In 1924 these radios were presented for sale in Turkey.
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PRESS FREEDOM
The only guaratance for the media to be able the freedom of the press. The concept
of Correspondence Freedom, which has a larger extent, has been used instead of
press freedom recently. Correspondence freedom is the concept which has to
express the freedom in the area of correspondence after the fact that the effect of
radio and television has increased. It became so important especially after the
correspondence means such as radio and television started to affected nearly all the
people. The concept of press freedom that we’re telling about is used for both the
written and visual and oral press which includes newspapers, magazines, radio and
TV.
Press freedom must be taken as the freedom of expressing the thoughts. It’s the right
to be able to explain a definite idea and come together around it. So press is a
means of creating and expressing the thoughts. Press freedom is known as the
freedom of being able to explain the thoughts freely by using the means mentioned
above. That’s having the right of collecting the ideas, now's, commenting, criticizing
and publishing them freely and it’s having the right of sending these to the public
visually, orally or in a written way. The fight of winning the press freedom arouse on
the day which the newspaper was created, so a struggle began between the press
and political power.
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NEWS
Truth is important as is clarity and simplicity. To present news in a comprehensible
way is basic for understanding. News has expressions and persuasive factors that
are all part of presentation. The news must be understood by all of the public.
CLASIFICATIONS OF COLOURFUL NEWS
1.News Interview
2. Interviews Which Draw Attention
3. Biographic Interview
4. Historical Interview
5. Interview Which is Explanatory and Includes Commentes
6. Interviews Which Show Something
7. Adventure and Personal Story Interviews
8.Interview Which Tells About Local Situations
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS
We believe freedom of the press with its association to democracy is important and it
is the people’s right to have news they can believe in and the news publishers right is
to have freeedom and liberty to published all the news.
8
ATTRACTING PEOPLES ATTENTION
Generally journalism trys to attract as many people as possible but all news doesn’t
interest every person. Some news is more attractive than others. Unusually
adventure excitement, gossip and love attracts people. Some people like love stories
and divorce stories. While others prefer murder stories, sport and politics.
FOR DRAWING ATTENTION
JOURNALISTS PASSED COLORFUL
NEWS
In journalism the subjects, which attract attention are increasing and changing forms
of presentation. Funny news started to be presented with serious news. We mean
serious news and funny news are mixed together. Magazine news generally hinder
people from facing themselves. Magazine news is often loaded with sensation.
Sensations which are exegeted are often scandals. Magazines, sensationalism and
scandal draw the attention of the public.
ARISING OF THE NEWSPAPER
It’s known that the first newspaper was published by the Rome Penate in 59. After
the invention of the press machine in the 15th century more developed newspapers
were edited. The delivery of them became faster after the technological development
in the 19th century. Afirce competition started between the newspapers and
magazines to have a larger number of readers.
9
MAGAZINE
It’s a very popular means of publication that is edited orderly. The quality of its paper
is better compared with the newspaper. A lot of colored photographs, pictures and
caricatures take places in it besides news, articles, critiques and investigation.
Magazines are called as permanent publication also. They’re published weekly,
monthly, or once in three months regularly.
TRYING TO FOOL PEOPLE
Media can easily deceive people with misleading because everybody learns the news
forms newspapers, television, radio internet is very little choice. If media gives wrong
news, the people’ll be decieved by media and there will be so much confhict.
THE MEDIA IS USED BY POLITICIANS
Politicians use media to influence people. If their conversations are always published
in newspapers or shown on television. They hope will think that they’re good so they
will be elected by a large vote.
AFFECTION FOR THE MEDIA
Media produces what people want. The reason for magazine programs popularity,
uneducated people watch them and they are cheap to produce. They gave them
ratings. If they weren’t watched, they woldn’t produce them. If more people were
educated, they wouldn’t want to watch them.
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BASIC JOURNALISM
MODERN JOURNALISM
Newspapers are between us since 17th century. They slipped out being outstanding
people’s in late 19th century. Journalists made news for everybody. Poor to rich,
uneducated to intellectual and they adopted drawing avdiences attention. Magazines
became more important in crawd of people communication.
SPECILIEST
Newspapers and magazines adress to only eyes. Written press shows the news
more detailed and deeply. They gice us news more comprehensive.
WHO?
Pres is very important in our life. Everybody is interested in media all the time.
Well, are the people annoyed by this?Yes, we searched about this and
prepared a questionnaire. A bit later Cansu is going to tell you about
questionniare and its results.
Anyway we were talking about media many of the people don’t care about this
topic. Magazine programmes are the only thing in our life. “Who’s going out
with who?” seems to be the most important thing in our lives.
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What’s the meaning of “news programmes” When the things that draw attention are
really unimportant the quality taht tha programmes have decreases and the monster
called “RATING” ruins everything. I mean the “Philistine-Israel” war is very important
but nobody seems to care about it. Everybody cares about arguments, relationships
between famous people, for example this past week “Sevda Demirel-Hande Ataizi”
What about “RTUK” that is trouble fir TV channels. Everyone watches the
programmes which contain bad words, violent events and soon. It’s nonsense
because nothing happens to us if the channel is closed but the station loses money. I
and my friends think that it doesn’t make a diffence you close the channel but you
mustn’t punish the station. I mean to close the programme but don’t close the
channel. Begüm will talk more about “cencorship” after the results of the
questionnaire.
WHO CONTROLS THE MEDIA?
Public?
Politicians?
Famous Businessmen?
Rich Men?
Clevers?
Media’s Bosses
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WELL, WHO IS MEDIA USED?
Public?
Businessmen and politicians?
Stupids?
WHO CAN STOP THIS?
Public?
Politicians?
Famous Businessmen?
Clevers?
Law?
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QUESTIONNIARE
1-) What are the three programmes that you like most?
News ____ Magazine ____ Sport ____ Documantaries ___
Film ____ Series ____ Other ____
2-) Does Media affect you?How?
3-) Which newspapers do you read?
Hürriyet ____ Milliyet ____ Sabah ____
Fanatik ____ Other ____
Radikal ____
4-) Which one do you make use of most?
Newspaper____ Radio ____ Television ____
Internet ____
5-) What do you think about Media?
6-) Do you think the press today is of good quality?
Yes ____ No ____
7-) What do you think is the most important factor that makes the Media of good
quality?
8-) Which one do you prefer most?
Written press ____
Oral press ____
Visual press ____
9-) Which radio channel do you listen to the most?
10-) What are the things that interest you most about the press?
11-) How free is the press?
12-) How is the Turkish nation effected by the Media which often gives magazine
type news?
13-) Which do you wath the news programmes?
Channel D ____ Atv ____ Star ____ ShowTV ____
TRT ____ CNNTurk ____ Other ____
14-)Why do you watch the news programmes? How do you believe you can benefit
from then?
15-) Do you think magazines included in the news?
16-) Do you find the news programmes to be should be serious?
Yes ____ No ____
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17-) Why do you watch the magazine programmes?
Wonder ____ Amusement ____ Spend time _____
Other ____
18-) What are the things that should be corrected in media?
19-)Do you believe that the news is generally true or often exaggerated or incorrect?
20-)What do you think about censorship?Is it necessary?
Yes ____
No ____
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RESULTS OF QUESTIONIARE
1.) All the people firstly selected sports, music and film.
40
35
News
Magazine
Sport
Music
Documentry
Film
Row
Other
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.
2.
3.
2.) Some people said that they weren’t affected by Media yet and they affected
newspaper, TV., news, internet and magazines.
Yes
No
Sometimes
Generaly
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3.) The newspaper which are read Hurriyet and Sabah.
60
Hürriyet
Milliyet
Sabah
Fanatik
Radikal
Cumhuriyet
Other
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.
2.
3.
4.) Generally people use the television and internet.
Newspaper
Radio
Television
Internet
5.) This question was generally left empty. The people who did answer it said that
boring, bad, exaggerated and liar.
17
6.) Most of the people said that media didn’t have much quality, because whenever
they heard or saw the word, they thought of magazine news.
Yes
No
7.) The people who did it said that when the media was real, honest and reliable, it
will be quality.
8.) They prefer first visual press and after that the written press.
Written Press
Oral Press
Visual Press
9.) Radio stations selected in order were Power Fm, Number One, Metro Fm and
Radio D.
18
10.) Amusment programs are watched first.
Fun
Science
Art
News
11.) They said that freedom of press is very little or not very free.
Extra
Little
Some
12.) They said generally it affected them.
Affected
No Affected
19
13.) Generally Channel D then ATV and then Star are the channels watched.
60
50
Channel D
ATV
Star
Show
TRT
CNN
Other
40
30
20
10
0
1.)
2.)
3.)
14.) They said that they watch news because they want to learn what’s happening in
the world.
15.) Fifty five percent of the people said no, forty five percent of the people said yes.
Yes
No
20
16.) Fifty percent of the people said yes, thirty percent of the people said no.
50
40
30
Yes
No
20
10
0
17.) Generally people watch magazine programmes for fun and to spend time.
Interesting
Fun
Spend Time
Other
18.) Quality news should be given and they mustn’t broadcast news without proof of
it’s truth or without facts.
21
19.) Most of the people said true and some people said false. But we think except
them exaggerated to bear in mind. Most people believe the news in exaggerated.
True
Exaggerated
False
20.) Thirty percent of the people said censorchip is necessary while twenty three
percent said it is unnecessary. We think it sometimes very necessary but other times
it’s very unnecessary.
Necessary
Unnecessary
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CENCORSHIP
WHAT WERE THE COMPLAINTS WHICH WERE BROUGHT?
Applications were generally about disruptive and reactinary broadcasts. They
generally intensify the regional publications and radios instead of national ones.
“RTUK” is fighting againist them. This kind of programs are beng followed in Ankara,
Istanbul, Izmir, Diyarbakır and Adana region directorships and 6he security
directorates.
RADIO AND TELEVISION TOP COMITEE
In 1994 communication domain was re-put in order and instead of Radio and
Television Advanced Comitee(RTAC) ,Radio and TV Top Comitee was established
with large authorities and as a neutral and autonomous public counci.
RTTC(RTUK) is formed with nine people who are educated about press, broadcast,
communication technology, culture, region, education and law. Five of them are
chosen by the party(or the parties) on power, four of them are chosen by the
opposition party. The members must be state official.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLICATIONS (1961-1967)
Times
1961’s
1962’s
1963’s
1964’s
1965’s
1966’s
196
Daily
472
413
420
382
375
396
411
3 times a week
8
9
11
16
13
18
10
Twice a week
27
39
47
50
43
46
74
Weekly
265
309
277
273
283
253
290
10 days
2
1
-
1
3
1
4
15 days
89
84
75
59
95
103
104
Monthly
304
330
391
408
422
500
217
Bi Monthly
17
20
29
50
51
54
67
3 Month
49
68
68
73
76
96
87
4 Month
26
7
10
8
13
12
15
Semi Annually
-
28
355
33
32
34
36
Annually
198
223
246
263
283
319
352
Free times
108
22
107
123
191
246
206
Total
1573
1653
1722
1739
1890
2078
222
Newspaper
822
836
861
810
934
963
109
Magazine
751
817
761
810
934
1115
112
News Agency Bulletin
-
19
21
33
20
26
23
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CLASSIFICATION OF TOPICS FOR NEWSPAPERS AN
MAGAZINES
Subjects
1961’s
1962’s
1963’s
1964’s
1965’s
1966’s
1967
General
959
1029
1025
990
110
1205
1335
Social Sciences
294
272
314
334
165
460
464
Science
145
164
186
166
188
180
175
Literature
75
108
101
119
95
111
86
Art-Sport Touris
55
43
46
72
32
57
97
Religion
18
13
23
24
19
19
22
History Geograp
14
18
15
19
18
24
14
“Nazali”Science
9
2
9
10
9
17
17
Phylosophy
2
1
1
-
4
-
4
Language
2
1
2
5
4
5
108
Total
1573
1653
1722
1729
1890
2078
2222
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WE THANK OUR LOVELY GRAMMAR TEACHER
MELEK METIN
AND
SWEETLY SKILLS TEACHER
CHERYL S. TURKER
AND
THANKS A LOT Ms. TANSU THE LIBRARIAN,
FOR HELPING US...
PREPARED BY:
Z. Erdem Güngör
Yarkın Ünsal
Begüm Şençağlar
Betül Çolak
Cansu Çitlembek
Hz.-A
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