CABARAN KE ARAH PENGURUSAN AIR SECARA MAMPAN

WATER:
OUR RIGHT TO HAVE A CLEAN, SUFFICIENT,
SAFE, AND AFFORDABLE WATER.
Prof. Ismail Abustan
(Professor of Urban Water)
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Awam
Universiti Sains Malaysia
ceismail@eng.usm.my
Visiting Professor of King Saud University (2013-14)
Visiting Professor of Kyoto University(2008 -9; 2014-15)
Disediakan untuk: Kem Pemimpin Muda Prihatin Air Kebangsaan, 19-21 August, 2014 ,
Putrajaya
Water is a gift of Allah,
We should treasure it as such
Kepentingan air dalam kehidupan manusia telah
dinyatakan dalam al Quran:
“Apakah kamu tidak memperhatikan bahawa
sesungguhnya Allah menurunkan air dari langit,
maka diaturNya menjadi sumber-sumber air di bumi,
kemudian ditumbuhkanNya dengan air itu tanamtanaman yang bermacam-macam warnanya…..”
Surah az Zumar – 21
Water Cycle
Dijelaskan oleh Allah dalam al Quran:
“Dan Kami jadikan padanya gunung-gunung yang tinggi,
dan Kami beri minum kamu dengan air yang tawar.”
Surah al Mursalaat – 27
“Allahlah yang telah menciptakan langit dan bumi dan
menurunkan air hujan dari langit, kemudian Dia
mengeluarkan dengan air hujan berbagai buah-buahan
menjadi rezeki untukmu, dan Dia telah menundukkan
bahtera bagimu, supaya bahtera itu belayar di lautan
dengan kehendakNya, dan Dia telah menundukkan pula
bagimu sungai-sungai.”
 Surah Ibrahim – 32
Basic Water Cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation (ET)
Evaporation
Ocean
Infiltration
runoff
Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
4
Blue & Green Water - perspective
Precipitation – the basic water resource
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
5 Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water
Blue & Green Water – Pathways
percentages
Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).
6
Kenapa isu air penting?
Sumber air terhad!!






97.5% jumlah air di dunia terdiri dari air masin
2.5% adalah sumber air tawar
2/3 jumlah air tawar terbeku di kutub dan ais glasier
Jadi, cuma 1% jumlah air di dunia berbentuk cecair, air tawar
Dari jumlah ini, 98% terdiri dari air bumi
Oleh itu, 0.02% dari jumlah air di dunia terdapat di sungai dan
tasik tempat di mana manusia mendapat kebanyakan sumber
air yang digunakan.
Air Dalam Tubuh Manusia


Simpanan
 Tubuh
 Otak
Pengambilan Air
 Minum
 Makanan
 Lain-lain
Kehilangan 10% - hilang upaya bergerak
Kehilangan 20% - kematian
66%
85%
50%
40%
10%
United Nation’s Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights in General Comment No. 15, 2002
stated that:
Human
right
Use of
Water
•
•
•
•
•
Sufficient
Safe
Acceptable
Physically accessible
Affordable water for
personal and domestic
uses
• Prevent death from
dehydration
• Reduce the risk of
water related disease
• Provide for
consumption, cooking,
• personal and
domestic hygienic
requirements
Kenapa isu air penting di
Malaysia?
Air milik semua orang, anugerah Allah!!
 Air milik semua orang di dalam sesuatu
negeri/negara
 Halangan dari pembaziran atau kecuaian
penggunaan
 Air yang hendak dipindahkan mesti melalui
hak/kontrak air yang tertentu
World scenario
There is a water crisis today. But the crisis is not about having too
little water to satisfy our needs. It is a crisis of managing water so
badly that billions of people -and the environment- suffer badly.
World Water Vision Report, 2000
2
Global Water Crisis
World:
1.1 billion people (18 %), mostly the poor, without access
to safe drinking water
2.4 billion people (40 %) without hygienic sanitation
Asia:
60 % of the world population without access to safe
drinking water (670 million people)
80 % of the world population without hygienic sanitation
(1.9 billion people)
Source: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment
2000 Report by WHO and UNICEF, December 2000
3
Potential sources for International Conflict
China vs Laos vs
Thailand vs Vietnam vs
Kemboja (Sg. Mekong)
India vs Bangladesh (Sg.
Ganges)
Thailand vs Malaysia
(Sg. Golok)
Malaysia vs Singapura
…??
Pengurusan Sumber Air Bersepadu:
 Sumber air merupakan pemangkin pertumbuhan
pembangunan socio-ekonomi
 Pertambahan permintaan dan kekangan ke atas
sumber air
 Peningkatan pencemaran air
 Pendekatan bekalan dalam pengurusan sumber
air kini adalah tidak mapan (unsustainable)
Ketua Penagrah, Unit Perancang Ekonomi
Jabatan Perdana Menteri (Asia Water, 2004)
Malaysian scenario
Water supply services
Water is a state matter
Federal Government provides loan for
public water supply infrastructure and
grant for rural water supply
National Water Resources Council
Move towards greater involvement
of Federal Government in managing
water resources and water supply
services.
PRODUCTION VALUES OF WATER RESOURCES IN
MALAYSIA
Source of Water
(rainfall: 990 billion m3 yearly)
groundwater recharge
64 billion m3
atmosphere 360 billion m3
(evapo-transpiration)
surface runoff
566 billion m3
Sabah
113 billion m3
Peninsular Malaysia
147 billion m3
Sarawak
306 billion m3
Sarawak
306 billion m3
Malaysia – Water Demand (bil m3/yr)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1980
2000
2020
Domestic & Industry
2040
2060
Agriculture
Annual Increase of - 12%
Doubling every two decades
National Drinking Water Quality Standards
Parameters
Maximum Acceptable Value
Fluoride
0.4 – 0.6 mg/l
Turbidity
< 5 NTU
pH
6.5 - 9.0
Colour
< 15 TCU
Free Residuel Chlorine
0.2 – 5.0 mg/l
Aluminium
< 0.2 mg/l
Manganese
< 0.1 mg/l
Source: Ministry of Health
National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia
(DOE)
Classification
Usage
Class I
Conservation of natural environment.
Water supply l – Practically no treatment necessary.
Fishery l – Very sensitive aquatic species
Class IIA
Water supply ll – Conventional treatment required
Fishery ll – Sensitive aquatic species
Class IIB
Recreational use with body contact
Class III
Water supply lll – Extensive treatment required
Fishery lll – Common of economic value and tolerant species; livestock drinking
Class IV
Irrigation
Class V
None of the above
Source: DOE
19
WATER SECURITY CONCEPT:
Malaysian scenario
National Water Supply
Coverage, 2003
Urban Rural
97 % 86 %
Total
93 %
Sewerage Services
Coverage by IWK, 2002
Population served
Connected
to STP
Septic
tanks
Total
11,297,903 4,743,400 16,041,303
Rural sewerage facilities
provided by the Ministry of
Health cover a population of
7.61 million in 2002. 9
KEY NATIONAL STATISTICS (POTABLE WATER) 2010
 Raw Water Source : Mainly Surface Water with minor
groundwater
 Design Capacity : 16,771 MLD
 Production Capacity : 14,065 MLD
 Total No. of Treatment plant : 458
 Total Length of Pipes : 131,286 KM
 Pipe Material : AC (31.9%), PE (16.8%), MS (24.7%), uPVC
(15.5%), DI (7.4%), CI (1.2%), Others (2.5%)
 Total Connection :6,459,663
 Connections : Domestic (86.7%), Non Domestic (13.3%)
 Per capita Consumption : 225 litre/cap/d
 NRW : 36%
 Population Served : Overall (94.2%)
Urban (96.8%), Rural (89.7%)
Evolution of Sewerage Systems in Malaysia
Prior to 1950-s
Technology
Septic Tank
Pour Flush
Early Days in
Malaya
1950-s
OP/AL
Imhoff Tank
1960-s
1970-s
Activated Sludge/ Fully Mechanised
Biological Filters
Plant
1980-s
1990-s
Primitive / Primary Treatment
Partial / Full Secondary Treatment
(Address Public Health)
(Address River Pollution)
2000
Year
Future Tertiary
(Address Environment)
Fifth NKRA (National Key Results Areas)
: Improving Rural Basic Infrastructure
% of Rural Houses with Access to Clean or
Treated Water
100
90
80
70
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2010
2012
Year
Commitment by Malaysian Government:
Ensure access to clean or treated water to over 360,000 additional households by
2012. This will mean in Sabah and Sarawak, the percentage of rural houses with
access to clean or treated water will reach approximately 60% in 2010 and 90% in
2012, a significant increase from 57% currently. For this purpose, a sum of RM2
billion is allocated
AUDIT FINDINGS……
There are number of weaknesses found in the drinking water quality
management:
•Most Catchment Area Not Gazetted.
•Lack Of Awareness Among The State Water Authorities.
•High Cost Involved
•Fragmentation
•Raw Water Quality -Deterioration In Water Quality
Illegal Activities In The Catchment Area
- Farming,
- Agriculture
- Livestock
- Garbage Disposal
- Deforestation
Illegal Activities In The River Basin
- Effluent Discharge - From STP
- Leachate Discharge – Solid Waste Disposal (Landfill)
- Industrial Discharge – Chemical & Biological
- Sludge Discharge From WTP
- Domestic Discharge – Grey & Dark Water
- Restaurant Discharge – Oil & Grease
- Sand Mining
Water Catchment Area, Border Basin, Dam
And Reserve Forest in the Selangor state
AUDIT FINDINGS……
Ageing Infrastructure
1. Treatment Plant
- Using Conventional Treatment Vs Detoriate Raw Water Quality
Not calibrated
- Laboratory Equipment – Unreliable Data
Old equipment
- 64% of Fluoride Dosing System not Functional
2. Distribution System
- Main Pipeline & Reticulation System
- Burst & Leaks – Turbid Water,
- Corroded Pipe –Rusty Coloured Water
- Sampling Stations
- Site Testing – In-situ Test – equipment not well maintain
- Weekly/ Monthly Testing – Unreliable Data
- cased by – wrong sampling procedure
- sample not send on time
3. Plumbing System
- G.I Communications Pipe - Corroded
- Old Storage Tank – Corroded – (press steel tank) – resulting in colored water
Air adalah komoditi utama
Irrigation can lift rural poor out of poverty
Water storage in m3/cap
6,150
4,729
3,255
North
America
Australia
Brazil
1,406
China
1,287
Laos
Ethiopia
43
South
Africa
746
Thailand
2,486
Income per capita
Water storage and
the poverty trap
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Average income levels & irrigation
intensity in India
Water Supply
The Marina Barrage is a dam built across the 350-metre wide Marina Channel to keep
out seawater, forming Singapore's first reservoir in the city and 15th reservoir. Marina
Reservoir, together with Punggol and Serangoon reservoirs, increased Singapore’s
water catchment area from half to two-thirds of Singapore’s land area in 2011.
Local catchment water is one of the Four National Taps, with the other three being
imported water, NEWater and desalinated water.
As one of the pillars of local water supply, Marina Reservoir will meet more than 10% of
Singapore's current water demand.
EXTREME WEATHER AND
DISASTER ADAPTATION IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Professor Dr. Ismail Abustan
Professor Urban Water
School of Civil Engineering
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Visiting Professor
King Saud University, Riyadh , KSA (2013-14)
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (2008 -10, 2014 - 15)
ceismail@eng.usm.my
INTRODUCTION
 Extreme weather includes weather phenomena
that are at the extremes of the historical distribution
especially severe or unseasonal weather.
 An increase in extreme weather events has
been attributed to anthropogenic global warming.
 Global warming playing a significant role in the
rising number of extreme events such as windstorms
and floods which have tripled since 1980, a trend
that is expected to persist.
www.unisdr.org
34
FOR THE LAST FIVE YEARS, 8 OUT OF 10 ASEAN MEMBER STATES
HAVE EXPERIENCED MAJOR DISASTERS WITH ALMOST 500 THOUSAND
PEOPLE DEAD OR MISSING, RECONSTRUCTION COSTS OF MORE THAN
USD 10 BILLION AND MORE THAN 17 MILLION PEOPLE AFFECTED
584 million people
home of mega
disasters
35
Toward a disaster-resilient and safer community by 2015
South East Asia is annually
affected by climate
extremes, particularly
floods, droughts and
tropical cyclones, while
large areas of the region
are highly prone to flooding
and influenced by
moonsons.
The climatic impacts will
severely threaten the
livelihood of poor people
living in rural areas with
limited adaptive capacity.
(IFAD)
Affect
584
million or
nearly
1/10 of
world
population
Number of disasters in
ASEAN from 2001-2009:
1. Flood – 213 (13% of
world total)
2. Storm – 132 (13%)
3. Earthquake – 42
(15%)
4. Landslide – 42 (24%)
5. Epidemic – 36 (6%)
6. Volcanic eruption – 15
(26%)
7. Drought – 12 (7%)
8. Wildfire – 7 (5%)
Source: http://www.emdat.be
Extreme weather
INCREASING
TREND
Storm
Typhoon
Drought
Wildfire
Flood
SEA (Vietnam, Lao, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myamar,
Philippines, Thailand & Malaysia) - 1980-2007
Number of events - 1980-2007 (South East Asia)
Casualties - 1980-2007 (South East Asia)
Wild Fires
1%
Wave-Surge
1%
Volcano
5%
Drought
4%
Wind Storm
32%
Earthquake
9%
Epidemic
8%
Slides
7%
Flood
33%
Slides
2%
Wave-Surge
69%
Flood
6%
Epidemic
3%
Earthquake
5%
Wind Storm
14%
IMPACT ALL SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Economic losses - 1980-2007 (South East Asia)
SECTORS
85 % of events
24 % of casualties
75 % of economic
losses
are related to hydrometeorological
hazards and
conditions.
Wild Fires
23%
Wind Storm
26%
Drought
3%
Earthquake
10%
Wave-Surge
13%
Flood
24%
Volcano
1%
Expected impacts of climate change in
SouthEast Asia – IPCC 4th assessment report
 Increased rainfall intensity, particularly during the summer
monsoon, along with increase of inter-annual variability
 Increased exposure to extreme events, including
typhoons and tropical storms, floods and landslides, heat
waves, forest fire risk, and droughts.
 Frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones originating in
the Pacific and other extreme weather events associated
with El-Niño.
 Projected sea-level rise could flood and affect the
livelihoods of millions of people in low lying areas of
Southeast Asia.
Major impacts are expected on
water supply and agriculture,
and heavily populated coastal
and lowland areas of SouthEast
Asia
Future Changes
 Rainfall

Increased water availability in moist tropics and high
latitudes

Decreased water availability and drought in mid-latitudes
and semi-arid low latitudes
 Temperature

Global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4°C
from 1990 to 2100 (best estimates 1.8 to 5.4)
 Sea level rise

Sea levels are likely to rise in the range of 22-34 cm
between 1990 and the 2080s
 Extreme events

Likely that future tropical cyclones, typhoons, and hurricanes
will become more intense, with larger peak wind speeds and
more heavy precipitation
Rahman and Alam, 2007
Climate Change
Vulnerability
Mapping for
Southeast Asia,
IDRC, 2009
SEA Climate hazard hotspots and
dominant hazards
Climate hazard hotspots
Dominant hazards
Northwestern Vietnam
Droughts
Eastern coastal areas of Vietnam
Cyclones, droughts
Mekong region of Vietnam
Sea level rise
Bangkok and its surrounding area
Sea level rise, floods
Southern regions of Thailand
Droughts, floods
Philippines
Cyclones, landslides, floods, droughts
Sabah state in Malaysia
Droughts
Western and eastern area of Java Island,
Indonesia
Droughts, floods, landslides, sea level rise
Multiple climate hazard index medium, as compared to
its neighbors
Tropical cyclone frequency (event per year from 1980-2003)
Flood frequency (event per year from 1980-2001)
Drought frequency (event per year from 1980-2000)
Landslide exposure (Philippines and Indonesia)
Sea level rise - 5-m inundation zone
(HCMC and Bangkok are high)
Protecting Development Gains,
Asia Pacific Disasters Report
2010 ESCAP, UNISDR, 2010
In 30 years, SEA had 1069 disasters, 394,687 people
killed, more than 273 million people affected and close
to US$ 48 billion in losses due to disasters
Severe Weather in Malaysia
Inter-Monsoon
(Apr-Mei & Sep-Okt)
Nort-East Monsoon (Nov – Mac)
Monsson Flood
Flash Flood
South West Monsoon
(June–August)
Haze
Tropical Cyclone
(May – Nov)
Strong Winds and
Rough Seas
Past Tropical Cyclone Events In Malaysia
 Tropical Storm Greg (Dec 1996)
 Tropical Storm Hilda (Jan 1999)
 Typhoon Vamei (Dec 2001)
Tropical Storm Greg (Dec 1996)
 Formed in the South China Sea as
TD on Dec 21
 Headed east-southeastward,
strengthened into the final TS on the
24th
 After reaching a peak of 45 knots
winds it crossed the northern part of
Borneo on the 25th.
 Continued east-southeastward until
dissipation on the 27th, south of the
Philippines
• Caused flooding and severe
mudslides in Sabah
• Leaved more than 4,000 people
homeless
• Destruction of coral reefs
• Fatalities : 238 people
• Damage : $52 million USD
Tropical Storm Hilda (Jan 1999)
 Stretched out from the northwest
Borneo coast early on Jan 4
 Developed into a TD and moved
slowly to the north away from the
Borneo coast, becoming TS Hilda
early on Jan 6
• Caused flooding and landslides
in Sabah
• Fatalities : 6 people
• Damage : $1.3 million USD
Typhoon Vamei (Dec 2001)
 Developed on Dec 26 at 1.4°N in the
South China Sea
 Strengthened quickly and made
landfall along extreme southeastern
Malaysia
 Rapidly dissipated over Sumatra on
Dec 28, and the remnants eventually
re-organized in the North Indian
Ocean
• Brought flooding and landslides to
eastern Malaysia
• Fatalities : 5 people
• Damage : $4.2 million USD
Period of Flooding
South West Monsoon
(Jun–Aug)
Nort-East Monsoon
(Northern Winter)
(Nov – Mac)
Inter-Monsoon
(Apr-May & Sep-Oct)
Yearly Flooding affecting the
livelihood of more than
5 million population
Causes of Flooding
• There are two basic types of rainfall causing
flooding in Malaysia:
• (i)moderate intensity, long duration rainfall
covering a wide area; and
• (ii) high intensity, short duration localised
rainfall.
 The highest 5-min point intensity storm in
2003 was 222 mm/hr and lasted for 114
minutes which occurred in Kuala Lumpur and
caused a major flash flood.
HISTORY OF FLOODINGS IN MALAYSIA
1926
1949
59
1967
Flood Areas - 29,720
km²
9 % of land
4.9 mil. population
affected
Average annual flood damage
1982 : RM 100 million
2002 : RM 1 billion
2010 : RM 3 billion
(accounting for drag effect &
other opportunity cost loss)
The problem of
flooding is larger than
perceived
High economic cost
Year
Flood damage – physical cost
(economic drag effect)
1992
RM326 juta
(RM701j)
2002
RM1.066 billion
4.916 mil inhabitants
(Drag effect RM1.83b)
10 yrs
With the current rate of development,
flood damage cost is expected to
increase by 3x
62
1.538 mil inhabitants
Flood event on 19-31 December
2006 (1st wave)
63
EXTENT OF FLOOD AREA
64
24/12/2006
66
Flood Impact
No. of Casualties : 16 people
No. of Evacuees : 104,023 people
Evacuees
No
State
District
i)
1
Johor
Johor Bahru
No. of Evacuation
Centers
Total Family
Involved
No. of
Evacuees
Casualties
48
2,373
11,724
0
ii) Kota Tinggi
35
1,161
5,227
2
iii) Kluang
70
3,147
13,828
3
iv) Muar
126
6,432
30,441
3
v) Batu Pahat
116
5,948
27,971
5
vi) Pontian
32
710
3,286
0
vii) Segamat
72
2,442
10,286
3
viii) Mersing
9
277
1,260
0
508
22,490
104,023
16
Total
67
Flood Hit Again!
on 11 until 31 January 2007
(2nd wave)
68
1st wave
2nd wave
70
Jakarta floods: Nature is fighting
back
Flooding in Jakarta occurs on the
northwest coast of Java, at the mouth
of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay,
which is an inlet of the Java Sea and
has happened recently in 1996, 2002,
2007 , 2013 and 2014
71
Jakarta Flood : Jakarta Suffers From
Massive Rains
72
Floods in
Singapore
2010-2012 Singapore floods
Marina Bay Sands basement hall partly
floods
73
Flood in Bangkok : Economic Disaster
Thailand’s 2011 Flood expressed in Figures
• The worst flooding in Thailand since over 50
years with over 1/3 of the country under water
• Approx. 8 Mio. people currently affected; Over 5
Billion USD in economic losses;
Source: The Guardian
• Insurance claims so far filed amount to approx.
3.3 Billion USD
• Approx 10,000 factories worth 800 Billion THB
were flooded; potential loss: 26 Billion USD
• Less than 1% of the approx. 800,000 destroyed
private households are insured against flood
• Damages at Ayutthaya Industrial Estates
estimated at 20 Billion THB by Office of the
Insurance Commission
24 November 2011
Images of flood in Bangkok
75
Images of floods in
Bangkok
76
Bangkok Mega Flood 2011
Kasetsat University
Mega Flood in Bangkok, 2011
Bangkok Mega Flood 2011
Upstream flood
Upstream flood
Upstream flood
Tidal effect and sea level rise
Heavy rains;
Tidal surge;
Rain – Tidal surge;
Sea level rise
Flood Problems in
HCMC
Urban Flood Issues in HCMC
Heavy rains flooded many streets
Traffic congestion and
environmental pollution
Hundreds of houses were flooded by 40 cm.
Water receded after three or five hours
More than 100 locations were
reported flooded repeatedly.
PHILIPPINES CASE
The Philippine suffers severely from extreme weather events. The
intensifying tropical cyclones caused an annual average of 593
deaths and damage to property of 4.5 billion pesos (around US$ 83
million), including damage to agriculture of 3 billion pesos (around
US$ 55 million).
The combination of strong typhoons, excessive precipitation
and landslides has caused a great deal of death and
destruction in the Philippines. If we do not act urgently,
climate change will further intensify the severity of extreme
weather events
adaptation
 The concept of adaptation has been variously
defined.
 In essence, adaptation refers to the
measures taken in response to climate
change, to reduce the adverse impacts or to
take advantage of opportunities offered by
such changes.
 The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report defines
that adaptation comprises actions to reduce
vulnerability or enhance resilience (Adger
and others 2007).
Developing sound adaptation strategies
requires good science
Scientific investigation needed to
answer:
Who are most vulnerable?
To what are they vulnerable?
What are the causes of their vulnerability?
What are their options for adaptation and
what are the consequences and costs of
adaptation?
Answering these questions can help to
identify effective adaptation strategies
But . . .
Scientific understanding is incomplete
Though sufficient to begin acting,
Must continually add to knowledge and
adjust policies accordingly
Scientific and technical capacity is
generally deficient in developing
countries
There is a need to advance scientific
understanding and build capacity to support
adaptation actions in developing countries
Natural and
Conflict related
Hazards in Asia
Pacific, OCHA,
2009
 SEA coping capacity is
low
 Ten components of
coping capacity:
 Hazard evaluation
 Consequence and
vulnerability assessment
 Awareness-raising
activities
 Sectoral regulations
 Structural defences
 Continuity planning
 Early warning
 Emergency response
 Insurance and disaster
funds
 Reconstruction and
rehabilitation planning
Coping capacity to disasters
Climate Change
Vulnerability
Mapping for
Southeast Asia,
IDRC, 2009
Adaptive capacity to climate change
(Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam are high)
Penutup
1.
2.
3.
4.
Air merupakan sumber yang sangat sensitif kepada
pencemaran, kita mesti mengambil inisiatif bagi
menangani sebarang permasalahan yang dihadapi.
Strategi penting bagi memastikan sumber air
dipelihara oleh semua pihak dengan meningkatkan
kesedaran dan kecintaan ini terhadap sumber air dan
alam sekitar.
Kita semua perlu disedarkan tentang hubungan akrab
antara manusia dan alam sekitar.
Walaupun keadaan pemuliharaan dan penjagaan alam
sekitar terutamanya sumber air yang unggul masih
belum tercapai, namun kita tidak boleh berputus asa
daripada terus berusaha. Nasib generasi akan datang
terletak di tangan kita
Thank you …
KYOTO, JEPUN
Alangkah Indahnya
Sungai Impian