Desalination

Ibn Tofail University, Laboratory of Separation Processes
LPS
SMMD
Société Marocaine
des Membranes et de Dessalement
The Challenge of the Use of the
Unconventional Water Ressources
in Morocco
elmidaouiazzedine@hotmail.com
elmidaouiazzedine@yahoo.fr
IX International Congress AEDYR, Palacio de Congresos de Madrid, Spain, 12-15 November 2012
Azzeddine EL MIDAOUI
Faculté des sciences B P 1246, Kénitra
CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• CHALLENGE OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN MOROCCO
• UNCONVENTIONAL WATER RESSOURCES : DESALINATION
• UNCONVENTIONAL WATER RESSOURCES : WASTEWATER
REUSE
• MORROCAN MEMBRANE AND DESALINATION SOCIETY
2
INTRODUCTION




The water consumption, in the past century, has increased
dramatically, reaching and exceeding the limits of renewable water
resources in some areas, such as in North Africa and the Middle
East. These trends continue.
The great part of the Mediterranean region is characterized by arid
and semi-arid conditions.
The Mediterranean area is the boundary between the abundance
and the water shortage.
In 2025, the Mediterranean south will be in a situation of water
poverty and water shortage. The demand will continue to
increase.
3
INTRODUCTION
Situation in 2050
-
More than 60 % of the world population will live in cities.
-
At least one person on four will live in a country affected by chronic
or recurring soft water shortages.
-
7 billion persons in 60 countries will be confronted to a water
shortage by 2050
-
The countries of western Asia, the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa
will be in a situation of water shortage
-
More than 400 million Africans will be confronted with a water
shortage and 560 million Africans will live in countries undergoing a
hydric stress
Challenge of Water Managment in
Morocco
- Water Shortage and Supply
- Pollution and Quality
Water Shortage In Morocco
Annual Rainfall Average Card of Morocco
6
Water Availability in Morocco
1960 : 3500 m3/hab/an
2009 : 700 m3/hab/an
2015 : 500 m3/hab/an
m3/hab/an
4000
3000
2000
Threshold of Water poverty and water shortage
(1000 et 500 m3/hab/an )
1000
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
SEWAGE AND POLLUTION IN MOROCCO
 The sewage remains the weak point of the
management policy of water in Morocco.
The total of the waste water and
effluent rejected into the natural
environment
The total number of waste water
treatment plant
650 million m3/year today
900 Millions m3 in 2020
More than 100
 Just approximately 20 installations are operational treating
10 % of the total volume of the rejections under non optimised
conditions.
 The rate of connection in urban environment exceeds the 80% but
is very weak in rural medium.
5 millions of urban inhabitants are not connected to the sewage network
SEWAGE AND POLLUTION IN MOROCCO

Wastewater Rejection in Morocco:
Total
Rejection million
m³/y
650
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean
Sea
Other mediums
350
25
280
 The consequences of the wastewater rejection without treatment, for
the environment and the economy are catastrophic.
 The department of the environment estimated that more than 2 billion
EURO/y, the cost of the environmental pollution (13 billions for the
North Africa and the Middle East). 1.5 billions are due to the water
pollution.
Water Pollution in Morocco
Not available statistics or precise data especially for industrial
pollution
 Responsibilities
 The industry is responsible of the big part of the pollution by toxic materials and
by the heavy metals.
 The large proportion of biodegradables pollution comes from municipalities. The
industry is responsible of more than the third.
 The agricultural activity is responsible of the pollution by nitrates and pesticides.
 Saline intrusion progress through all the Moroccan coast. It’s the consequences
of the over exploitation of the underground resources. ….
WATER MANAGEMENT IN
MOROCCO (North Africa)
• This is related mainly to :
 Climatic change.
 Dryness periods.
 The demographic explosion these four last decades.
 The excess urbanisation due to rural migration.
 The intense irrigation and silting of the barrage.
11
Population growth,
urbanization,
industrialisation and
growing needs of agriculture
12
Water management in Morocco- North Africa
The great challenges actually in Morocco with
regards to water risk managements are several :
Policies and legal.
Supply of drinking water.
Sewage and Pollution.
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources.
 Financing.
Azzeddine EL MIDAOUI, Faculté des Sciences, B.P 1246, Kénitra – Maroc
• These constrains and challenges are practically the same
in the Mediterranean South especially North of Africa:
To overcome these challenges
Improve the water management
Wastewater management.
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources.
14
WATER and Waste Water MANAGEMENT IN
MOROCCO
Success Story:
 The water policies In Morocco had changed since the end of the
Eighties of the last Century particularly the sanitation.
 The adopted policy was based on the water demand inside offer, on
the transfer of sanitation and water managements from local
communities towards other public or private organisations (such as the
National Office of Drinking Water (ONEP), REDAL, AMENDIS, LYDEC....)
and on the creation of the agencies of basin.
 the creation of the 10/95 law : not completed and not applied
Results : Big success for the drinking water supply but limited
result for sanitation and waste water treatment.
15
Wastewater Management
Global New Strategie for Action
High improvement of the Policy of the wastewater management
from 2005
-Strengthening the Knowledge and the Observation
- Strengthening the Legal Framework
- Information and Awareness
- Capacity Building
- Strengthening the International Cooperation
- Provide incentives Measurements…
Wastewater Management
New Territorial Approach
• Decentralisation of Control and Monitoring services
• Creation of Regional Observatories of the
Environment
• Creation of Regional Committees of Impact Studies
Wastewater Management
Strategics Tools
• Legal tools
- 11-03 Law for the protection and enhancement of
the environment
- 12-03 Law on the impact studies
- 10-95 Law on water
• Economic and financial tools
- National Fund for the Environment
- Clean Development Fund
- Fund of the Cleaning Development (FODEP) for
industries
Wastewater Management
National Program of Sewage and Sanitation
-
05 billions (Euro) by 2020 and 08 billions by 2030 (30% from government
and 70% from operators): 38% to the extension and the rehabilitation of the
networks; 28% to achieve the sewages , 13% for renewal, 6% for operating
equipment, 15% for the suburban and rural areas (INDH: National Initiative for
Human Development).
-
260 cities and urban centers are concerned.
Objectives : connecting and collecting wastewater to reach 80% by 2020
and 90% by 2030
Objectives : reducing the water pollution (80% by 2020 and 90% by 2030)
Wastewater Management
National Program of Sewage and Sanitation
-
Objectives : Reuse of 100% of the collected waste water by 2030
-
Build of waterwater plants for the big cities: Agadir, Marrakech, Rabat,
Tanger, Fès, Khouribga (pretreatment or activated sludge), Benguerir,
Youssoufia...
-
Build of plants for Resorts (tourists) : the systematically construction of
the plants is now obligatory (Marrakech, Agadir, Larache…).
Wastewater Management
Fund FODEP for water economy and the treatment of
industrial effluents
• Objectives : contribute to the environmental respect, reduce
pollution…
• Fund : 24 million Euros (German government at first and
Moroccan since one year)
• Eligible industry : turnover or assets less than 40 million Euros
• Financing of the project of the treatment of industrial
effluents in the range of 1,5 million of Euros : donation (40 %),
self financing (20%) and bank credit (40%)
• Examples : olive industries, milk industries, paper industries….
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination and Wastewater Reuse
The obligation to use other non conventional water resources
such as desalinating water or waste water reuse becomes a
necessity in all the Mediterranean South.
22
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination
 The big progress in Morocco is the use of desalination in
spite the relatively high cost of produced cubic meter.
 Considerable efforts were mobilised in the south with the
construction of several desalination plants in particular
by ONEP (ONEE today) and the Cherifien Office of
Phosphates (OCP).
 The national production capacity by desalination exceeds
today the 40.000 m3/day.
 Use : drinking, process
23
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination (ONEE)
 The largest installation of more than 200.000 m3/d is
envisaged by ONEE at Agadir city. The first phase with a
capacity of 100 000 m3/d will be started in 2015.
 The national production (drinking, ONEE) capacity by
desalination reaches today the 40.000 m3/day. It will be
around 60 000 m3/d in 2013 and around 200 000 m3/d in 2015
 The desalination initially started and concentrated in the
south, progress to the Center and the north of the country:
Alhouceima, Nador, Khénifra…
24
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination (ONEE)
 More and more Projects are envisaged for brackish water (the
potential of brackish water is around 500 Million m3)
 Two project of desalination (demineralization) of surface water
are already identified :
 Khénifra desalination plant (Oum Rbia River) under construction,
with production capacity of 36 500 m3/d
 and Khouribga desalination plant (Dam), projected for 2015, with
production capacity of 30 000 m3/d .
25
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination for phosphate washing
(Chérifien Office of Phosphates OCP)
Thermal Processes
RO
MSF
ThermoCompression
2x 3500 m3/ jour
TC
3x 2000 m3/ jour
1973-1988
1989-2004
OCP
RO
2x 2000 m3/ jour
Started in 2005
26
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination
(Chérifien Office of Phosphates OCP)
New and future desalination plants
-
Jorf Lasfar : first phase 76 000 m3/d (Cadagua, 2015)
-
Jorf Lasfar : second and third phases to reach 220 000 m3/d
-
Safi :…..
Mobilisation of the unconventional resources
Desalination
The national production capacity will reach
800.000 m3/day in the next five years.
Mobilisation of unconventional resources:
Wastewater Reuse
The wastewater reuse remains the weak point:
-
Either these resources are not mobilised enough or they are
mobilised anarchically without rigorous and adequate treatment
-
Absence of application of the texts of laws relating to the
rejection and the protection of the natural.
Mobilisation of unconventional
resources: Wastewater Reuse
Very Limited and a big challenge
• Old, illicit and illegal practice that continues :
Reuse the raw
wastewater for irrigation:
• Actually :
- Irrigation (Many thousands of hectares, case of Ben Ahmed – ONEP),
- Process : Kouribgua (OCP) , Benguerir (OCP), Youssoufia (OCP), Sugar
industries….)
- Washing and sprinkling : hotels…
30
Mobilisation of unconventional ressources
Others weak points and challenges
• Desalination : select the most appropriate technology, adapt the raw
water treatment to membrane specifications, update staff knowledge…
• Desalination and Energy :
- desalination remains, for developing countries that don’t produce fossil fuels
(such as Morocco), relatively an expensive alternative process.
- the volatility of international energy prices has intensified the interest of
Morocco in the production and the application of renewable energy (Solar and
wind) for all energy uses.
- The part of installed capacity of renewable energy will represent 42% of total
electric installed capacity by the year 2020 (WIND : 2000 MW and Solar : 2000
MW)
- the use of renewable energies for desalination remains very limited in
Morocco but could become an interesting solution seen the assets of the
country
Mobilisation of unconventional
Others weak points and challenges
• Wastewater reuse : the lagoon is the most common used and
mastered technique. The experience in activated sludge is
very limited and recent. Lack of knowledge of other
technologies than the lagoon. Great difficulties in operating
plants especially sludge plants or biogas plants…
• Specific problems : Clarification, nitrates, fluoride, Hardness,
Micropolluant Removal (OMW margines), Desinfection, Iron,
Manganese, sulphide (H2S), ammonium (NH4)... ….
These requires a skill and a good knowledge
To contribute to improve the knowledge and to
resolve theses problems in the areas of the
use of unconventional water resources, a
Moroccan Membrane and Desalination
Society was created in 2005….
MMDS
Moroccan Membrane and
Desalination Society
Moroccan Membrane and Desalination
Society
Société Marocaine des Membranes et du
Dessalement
(SMMD)
www.smmd.ma
MMDS
SMMD : Some Targets …
Moroccan Membrane and
Desalination Society
 Development of R&D in the water treatment, desalination,
wastewater treatment and the membrane technologies.
 Improvement of water resources and the environment
protections
 Capitalization of the Moroccan scientific knowledge in the
areas of water and wastewater treatments especially by
membrane processes.
 To create a synergy between researchers and industrial
users or potentials users of the membrane techniques.
 To strengthen and optimize the international co-operation
with organizations and institutions involving in water and
desalination fields.
MMDS
Moroccan Membrane and
Desalination Society
SMMD : Organisation
POLE 1
RESEACH
&
DEVELOPMENT (R&D)
POLE 2
INTERFACE,
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER,
EXPERTISE
MMDS
POLE 4
POLE 3
CITIZEN ACTIONS
TRAINING
AND COMMUNICATION
MMDS
Moroccan Membrane and
Desalination Society
SMMD : Organisation
REGIONAL
SECTIONS
SECTION 1
Centre and
East
Meknès, Ifrane,
Errachidia,Fès,
Taza,Oujda,
Nador,Al-Hoceima,
SECTION 2
South (S)
SECTION 3
Atlantic North
(CAN)
Marrakech, Agadir,
Layoune….
Rabat, Kénitra,
Tanger, Tétouan…
SECTION 4
Atlantic
Centre (CAC)
Mohammadia,
Casablanca,
Eljadida, Essaouira..
Bilan des activités de la SMMD 2005-2010
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Co-organisation en collaboration avec le CERPHOS
(OCP) et le MEDREC d’un cours international sur le
dessalement, Casablanca 12-15 Juin 2006.
Co-organisation avec la Chaire UNESCO SIMEV et
l’USTHB-Alger de la 3ème Ecole Franco-maghrébine
sur les Sciences et technologies à membranes, Alger 1820 Novembre, 2006.
Co-organisation avec l’Université Moulay Ismail à
Meknès d’une journée sur “l’état des ressources
hydriques et l’impact de la pollution sur la qualité des
eaux dans la région Meknès-Tafilalet : Perspectives de
traitement. “ 27 Janvier 2007.
Co-organisation d’un atelier intitulé “face à la
raréfaction des ressources en eau“ à l’occasion de la
journée mondiale de l’eau, Mohammedia, 27 Mars 2007.
Co-organisation avec la chaire UNESCO SIMEV de la
première réunion Ouest Africaine sur l’intégration des
« Sciences et technologies à membranes », Dakar 6-8
Juin 2007.
Co-organisation avec la société PALL, d’une journée
technique sur les membranes et les rejets industriels, 28
Juin 2007.
co-organisation avec le COSTE (Centre Oriental
Scientifique et Technique de l’Eau) d’une manifestation
scientifique sur la thématique « Eau et Déchets », Oujda,
Novembre 2007.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Organisation d’une «Rencontre Internationale sur la Gestion des
Ressources en Eau dans les Zones Arides. Apport des Procédés
Non Conventionnels» 26 – 27 Avril 2008. Palais des Congrès Laayoune, Maroc.
Co-organisation avec la Faculté des Sciences et Technique de
Fès, d’une journée nationale sur « Eau, Environnement : Apport
des Technologies à Membranes » Fès, 07 Mai 2008.
Actions citoyennes : assistance de certaines communes pour
étudier la possibilité d’améliorer la gestion des ressources
hydriques et la protection de l’environnement.
Organisation d’un cours international avec le MEDRC
« Dessalement des eaux de mer et des eaux saumâtres par
Nanofiltration et par Osmose Inverse. Modélisation et Processus
de Simulation » 02 au 05 Février 2009. CERPHOS
Casablanca.
Co-organisation avec STI Veolia d’une journée d’information
sur « L’eau, un défi industriel », 7 octobre 2010, Hôtel Hayat,
Casablanca
Co-organisation avec l’IDA de la Rencontre Internationale sur
« Desalination and sustainable Development », 1-2 mars 2012.,
Casablanca, Maroc……
Co- Organisation avec l’EDS of the next EURO-MED on
« Desalination Strategies « , 2013
MMDS
Moroccan Membrane and
Desalination Society
Laboratories and research Structures Affiliated
to MMDS
20 research laboratories
150 researchers, engineers and doctoral students.
support
Inorganic
Membranes
Synthesis, Elaboration
Research
topics
Organic
Membrane
s
Permeability
Membranes
Films
Others
Selectivity
Characterisation
Others
RO
UF, MF, NF
Applications
ED, EED, Dialysis, Donnan Dialysis
Pervaporation
Membrane Processes
Couplages
Others : Bioreactor…
MMDS
Moroccan Membrane and
Desalination Society
Site web MMDS : www.smmd.ma
Azzeddine EL MIDAOUI
GSM : 212 06 64 49 32 20
elmidaouiazzedine@yahoo.fr
elmidaouiazzedine@hotmail.com
……to be continued