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www.kslab.se
vid fjällets fot
Vid fjällets fot
Donatorn A.W. Bergsten och hans Enaforsholm i Västjämtland
– från jaktvilla till fjällgård
At the Mountain’s Foot
Benefactor A.W. Bergsten and his Enaforsholm in West Jämtland
– from hunting lodge to mountain farm
red./ed. hans antonson
kungl. skogs- och lantbruksakademien
Skogs- och lantbrukshistoriska meddelanden nr 60
Supplement till Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademiens Tidskrift
issn 1402-0386 isbn 978-91-86573-29-4
Boken har utgivits med ekonomiskt stöd av:
Stiftelsen A.W. Bergstens donation
Omslagsbild: Enaforsholm mot Storlien med Enafors stationssamhälle till höger i bakgrunden.
foto: Margareta Ihse, 23 augusti 2012. Försvarsmaktens publiceringsmedgivande 2012-09-06,
10 830: 10906.
Cover photo: Enaforsholm photographed towards Storlien. In the upper right corner lies Enafors
station. photo: Margareta Ihse, 23rd August, 2012. Swedish Armed Forces publications permit
06/09/2012, 10 830: 10906.
Försättsblad: Enaforsholm med Ånnsjön i bakgrunden. foto: Margareta Ihse, 23 augusti 2012.
Försvarsmaktens publiceringsmedgivande 2012-09-06, 10 830: 10906.
Front end-paper: Enaforsholm with Ånnsjön lake in the background. photo: Margareta Ihse,
23rd August, 2012. Swedish Armed Forces publications permit 06/09/2012, 10 830: 10906.
Eftersättsblad: Enaälvens fors fotograferad mot norr från Enaforsholms västra klippstrand.
foto: Hans Antonson, 2 augusti 2005.
Back end-paper: The Enan River Falls, looking north from the western slab-rock shore at Enaforsholm. photo: Hans Antonson, 2nd August 2005.
Beställning av boken kan göras från:
Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademiens bibliotek (KSLAB)
Box 6806, 113 86 Stockholm
Besöksadress: Drottninggatan 95 B
Tel: 08-54 54 77 20
E-post: kslab@ksla.se
Skogs- och lantbrukshistoriska meddelanden nr 60
Utgiven av: Enheten för de areella näringarnas historia (ANH), Kungl. Skogs- och
Lantbruksakademien
Förteckning över tidigare utgivna pubikationer från ANH finns längst bak i denna bok
Redaktörer för serien: Lars Ljunggren & Per Thunström
Redaktör: Hans Antonson
Översättning: Roger & Kerstin Tanner, Ordväxlingen AB
English translation: Roger & Kerstin Tanner, Ordväxlingen AB
Grafisk form & repro: Elina Antell, Gyllene Snittet, Uppsala
Tryck: Exaktaprinting, Malmö, 2012
issn 1402-0386
isbn 978-91-86573-29-4
Innehåll
åke barklund
Enaforsholm då, nu och i morgon – ett akademiföretal 7
kerstin nibleaus
Upplevelser och minnen från Enaforsholm – en essä
11
nils edling
Alexander Wilhelm Bergsten och hans värld
13
hans antonson
Landskapet i Västjämtland och vid Enaforsholm
68
madelene seberbrink, daniel rutgersson & hans antonson
Bebyggelsen vid Enaforsholm, i går, i dag och i morgon151
kjell lundquist
Fjällbrud och kurilerlärk, jordgubbar och hjortron
– om Enaforsholm, dess örter, träd och buskar183
maria sandström & maja rytorp
Enaforsholms fjällträdgård246
åke bruce & margareta ihse
Vegetationsrutorna på Enaforsholm 251
hans antonson
Markernas restaurering vid Enaforsholm 261
hans antonson
Lénström, Carl August Emanuel – en inledning 267
carl a.e. lénström
Enafors i Jämtland, betraktadt ur turistsynpunkt
(Omtryck ur Svenska Turistföreningens årsskrift 1903) 269
roger bergström, kjell danell & hans antonson
Jakt som näring och livsstil i Jämtland och Enaforsholm 280
ingemar näslund
Fisket i västra Jämtland – en viktig och omstridd resurs 313
hans antonson
Efterord och tack 338
Bilagor
340
Författarpresentationer
357
hans antonson
Summary
363
Enaforsholms fjällträdgård och huvudbyggnaden. foto: Margareta Ihse, 23 augusti 2012.
Enaforsholm mountain garden and the main building. photo: Margareta Ihse, 23rd August 2012.
Författarpresentationer
Hans Antonson
antonson, hans, född 1963 i Stockholm.
Han tog examen i arkeologi, geovetenskap,
geografi och kulturgeografi. Doktor i kulturgeografi år 2004 på en avhandling om landskapsförändringar i Jämtland mellan 1000 och
1750. 1994–98 arbetade han som utredare och
expert vid länsstyrelsen i Södermanlands län,
Riksantikvarieämbetet och Jordbruksdepartementet. Sedan 1999 har Antonson arbetat som
forskare vid Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) i Linköping. Forskningen
har varit inriktad på miljöfrågor (främst landskap), planeringsprocesser och körbeteende.
Antonson driver en egen jordbruksfastighet i
Småland på fritiden.
hans.antonson@vti.se; hans.antonson@lundsbol.se
antonson, hans, was born in 1963 in Stockholm. Graduating in archaeology, geoscience,
geography and human geography, he gained
a Ph.D. in human geography in 2004 with a
dissertation on landscape change in the province of Jämtland, 1000–1750. In 1994–98 he
worked as an investigator and expert for the
Södermanland County Administrative Board,
Sweden’s National Heritage Board, and the
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food.
Since 1999 he has been a senior researcher at
VTI (the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping. His research interests include environmental issues
(primarily landscape), planning procedure,
EIA, and driving behaviour. In his spare time,
Antonson runs a farm of his own in the province of Småland.
hans.antonson@vti.se; hans.antonson@lundsbol.se
Roger Bergström
bergström, roger, född 1946 i Norrala socken i Hälsingland. Han tog examen i kvartärgeologi, botanik och zoologi med senare fokus
på växtekologi. Doktor i växtbiologi 1987 vid
Uppsala universitet med en avhandling om
älgens betesmönster och trädens betesresponser. Bergström har arbetat som forskare vid
Svenska Jägareförbundets forskningsavdelning 1977–2001 och deltid vid SLU i Umeå
under 1990-talet. Sedan 2002 är han anställd
som forskare vid Skogforsk, Uppsala. Docent
från och med 1997 och adjungerad professor
1999–2008 vid SLU i Umeå. Pensionär sedan
hösten 2012. Forskningen har varit fokuserad
på stora växtätare och deras påverkan på växter, vegetation och ekosystem. Studierna har
främst gjorts i svenska skogar och savanner
i Botswana. Med avstamp i släkt- och hembygdsforskning har Bergström på senare tid
intresserat sig för viltets och viltförvaltningens
historia.
roger.bergstrom@skogforsk.se
bergström, roger, was born in 1946 in the
parish of Norrala in the province of Hälsingland. He graduated in quaternary geology,
botany and geology, subsequently specialising in plant biology. He obtained a Ph.D. in
plant biology at Uppsala University in 1987
with a dissertation on moose browsing patterns and tree responses to browsing. He has
worked as a researcher at the ����������������
Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management
(1977–2001), and part-time at SLU in Umeå in
the 1990s. Since 2002 he has been a researcher
at Skogforsk in Uppsala. He was made a dovid fjällets fot 357
författarpresentationer
cent in 1997, and was an adjunct professor at
SLU in Umeå (1999–2008). Retired since fall
2012. His principal research interest is large
herbivores and their impact on plants, vegetation, and ecosystems. His studies have been
conducted mainly in Swedish forests and the
Botswana savannah. Drawing on developments in genealogy and local history, he has
recently been working on the history of Swedish wildlife and wildlife management.
roger.bergstrom@skogforsk.se
Åke Bruce
bruce, åke, född och uppvuxen i Göteborg
1941. Han studerade medicin vid Göteborgs
universitet och blev läkare 1968. Med. doktorsgrad 1974 vid Göteborgs universitet på en
avhandling om fosfolipider i skelettmuskulatur. Docent i klinisk nutrition samma år och
från 1976 först laborator och senare professor
vid Statens Livsmedelsverk. Den vetenskapliga inriktningen under senare år har varit
nutritionsepidemiologi och nutritionspolitik.
Under alla år varit mer eller mindre flitig amatörbotanist och -ornitolog.
akebruce@gmail.com
bruce, åke, was born in Gothenburg (Göteborg) in 1941 and grew up there. He studied
medicine at Gothenburg University, qualifying as a physician in 1968. He gained his
M.D. at Gothenburg University in 1974 with
a dissertation on phospholipids of the skeletal
muscle. He became a docent, clinical nutrition, that same year and, in 1976 assistant
professor, and subsequently full professor (applied nutrition) at the Swedish National Food
Administration.
akebruce@gmail.com
Kjell Danell
danell, kjell, född 1946 i Luleå med uppväxt
i Kalix i Norrbotten. Han tog en examen i
botanik, kemi, miljövård och zoologi. Doktor
i ekologisk zoologi vid Umeå universitet 1978
på en avhandling om spridning och effekter av
358 vid fjällets fot
en invaderande djurart (bisam). Anställningar
som forskare vid Umeå universitet och SLU i
Umeå samt som biträdande huvudsekreterare
vid Statens råd för skogs- och jordbruksforskning (SJFR). Professor i viltekologi vid SLU i
Umeå sedan 1988. Danell är intresserad av interaktioner mellan växter och växtätare, populationsekologi och naturresursförvaltning och
på senare tid alltmer intresserad av historiska
tillbakablickar inom dessa områden. Han har
bedrivit fältarbete i boreala skogar samt på den
arktiska tundran och afrikanska savannen.
kjell.danell@vfm.slu.se; kjell_danell@hotmail.com
danell, kjell, was born in 1946 in Luleå and
grew up in Kalix in the province of Norrbotten. He graduated in botany, chemistry, environment conservation and zoology. He obtained a Ph.D. in ecological zoology at Umeå
University in 1978 with a dissertation on the
spread and impact of an invasive animal species
(muskrat). He has been a researcher at Umeå
University and at SLU in Umeå, and deputy
principal secretary of the Swedish Council
for Forestry and Agricultural Research (SJFR).
He has been professor of wildlife ecology at
SLU in Umeå since 1988. His research interests
include the interaction between plants and
herbivores, population ecology, and the management of natural resources, while in recent
years he has worked increasingly on the historiography of these fields. He has conducted
field-work in boreal forests, and in the Arctic
tundra and African savannah.
kjell.danell@vfm.slu.se; kjell_danell@hotmail.com
Nils Edling
edling, nils, född 1961 i Stockholm där han
också växte upp. Historiker. Fil.dr i historia
1996 på en avhandling om egnahemsfrågan i
svensk politik omkring sekelskiftet 1900. Sedan disputationen forskare och lärare vid Hi­
storiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet,
med avbrott för längre gästforskaruppehåll i
London och Köpenhamn. Han antogs som
docent i historia 2006, blev ord. universitets-
författarpresentationer
lektor 2009 och var prefekt för en institution inom lärarutbildningen vid universitetet
2007–11. Nils Edling har huvudsakligen forskat om socialpolitik och välfärd under 1800och 1900-talen, bland annat om arbetslöshet i
Danmark, Norge och Sverige 1850–1920, men
i publikationslistan finns även två böcker om
Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademien. Den
första av dem, För modernäringens moderniser­
ing från 2003, undersöker i två studier akademiens tillkomst och historia fram till 1820, och
den andra, den omfångsrika De areella näringarnas välgörare från 2010, handlar om akademiens alla förvaltade stiftelser och personerna
och institutionerna bakom donationerna.
nils.edling@historia.su.se
edling, nils, was born in 1961 in Stockholm,
where he also grew up. He obtained his Ph.D.
in history in 1996, with a dissertation on the
rural social question, homestead politics and
small-scale farming in Sweden in and around
1900. Since the 1990s, Edling has been lecturer
and researcher in the Department of History,
Stockholm University, and during this time
has spent extended periods as visiting research
fellow in London (1997–98) and Copenhagen
(2001–02). He was appointed Docent in 2006
and senior lecturer in History in 2009, and
was head of a teacher education department at
the university between 2007 and 2011. Edling’s
main research interests are the history of social
policies and welfare in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the genesis of unemployment
in Denmark, Norway and Sweden 1850–1920,
but his publication list also includes two
books on the Royal Academy of Agriculture
of Forestry. The first one, Modernizing the Primary Industry, published in 2003, studies the
foundation and early years of the Academy up
to 1820, and the second, The Benefactors of the
Green Industries, published in 2010, is a major
study of the many foundations administered
by the Academy and of the persons and organisations who endowed them.
nils.edling@historia.su.se
Margareta Ihse
ihse, margareta, född 1943 i Hässleholm, fil.
mag. 1966 vid Lunds universitet i kemi, botanik, zoologi. Doktor i naturgeografi 1979 vid
Stockholms universitet på en avhandling om
flygbildstolkning av vegetation – metodstudier för översiktlig kartering. Därefter huvudsakligen verksam vid Stockholms universitet,
men har föreläst vid flertalet svenska universitet. Docent 1986 i fjärranalys med naturvårdsinriktning på Naturvårdsverkets speciella forskartjänst, 1992 universitetslektor i miljövård
och 1997 professor i ekologisk geografi. Vice
preses vid KSLA 2000–03. Forskningen har
varit inriktad på naturvårds- och miljöfrågor,
dels med metodik för IR, dels på förändringar
i landskapet, speciellt kulturlandskapet, och
deras betydelse för biodiversitet.
margareta.ihse@natgeo.su.se
ihse, margareta, born 1943 in Hässleholm,
BSc 1966 at Lund University (chemistry, botany, zoology), PhD in 1979 in Physical Geography at Stockholm University, on a thesis of air
photo interpretation of vegetation – methodological studies for medium scale mapping. She
has worked mainly at Stockholm University,
becoming, in 1986, docent in remote sensing
for nature conservation (a post endowed by
the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, SEPA), and subsequently senior lecturer in
environmental sciences (1992) and professor
of ecological geography (1997). Between 2000
and 2003 she was KSLA Vice President. The
focus of her research is on nature conservation
and environmental questions, with methods
for inventory and monitoring from CIR aerial
photos, and landscape ecological change studies of biotopes in the cultural landscape and
the effects of biodiversity.
margareta.ihse@natgeo.su.se
Kjell Lundquist
lundquist, kjell, 1955–2011, föddes och
bodde i Lund, Skåne. Han tog examen i agronomi och landskapsarkitektur. Agronomie
vid fjällets fot 359
författarpresentationer
doktor i landskapsarkitektur vid SLU, Alnarp,
på en avhandling om krolliljans introduktion
och tidiga historia spridning i Sverige från
1700-talet. Anställdes som universitetsadjunkt
i Landskapsarkitektur 1995 vid SLU, Alnarp.
Docent vid samma institution 2010. Ansvarade för Enaforsholmskursen ett tjugotal år
fram till 2010 och var bland många hedersuppdrag ledamot i Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademin (innefattande Styrelseledamot
i AB Enaforsholm; Ledamot i Nämnden för
de Areella Näringarnas Historia).
lundquist, kjell (1955–2011), was born and
lived in Lund, Skåne. He graduated in agronomy and landscape architecture. He gained
his Ph.D. in agricultural science at SLU, Alnarp, with a dissertation on the introduction and early history of the Turk’s-cap lily
in 18th century Sweden. He joined the staff
of SLU, Alnarp, in 1995 as an assistant professor of landscape architecture in 1995, becoming a docent in the same department in 2010.
For twenty or more years, until 2010, he took
charge of the Enaforsholm course, and among
many other honorary appointments was a
member of the Royal Academy of Agriculture
and Forestry (KSLA), in which capacity he was
also a director of AB Enaforsholm and a member of the Standing Committee of the Unit
for Forest and Agricultural History
har sedan dess arbetat med miljöövervakning
och vattenmiljöfrågor. Under senare år alltmer intresserad av fiskbiologi och fiske i ett
historiskt perspektiv, vilket bland annat lett
till utgivningen av en bok om vattnens historia i Vålådalenområdet.
ingemar.naslund@lansstyrelsen.se
näslund, ingemar, was born in Åsele in 1957
and grew up in Vilhelmina, southern Lapland.
After first taking a biology degree, he gained
his Ph.D. in fish biology at SLU (the Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences), Umeå,
1991, with a dissertation on Partial migration
and the development of seasonal habitat shifts
in brown trout and char. Between 1981 and
1999 he did research work at Umeå University
and SLU, and also at Kälarne, Jämtland, the
research station operated by the then National
Board of Fisheries.
The focus of his research has been on fish
biology in flowing water and on aquaculture.
He has been a docent at SLU since 2001. In
1999 Näslund joined the staff of the Jämtland
County Administrative Board, and since then
has worked with environmental monitoring
and water environment issues. His interest in
recent years has increasingly turned to fish biology and fisheries in a historical perspective,
resulting among other things in the publication of a book on the history of the waters of
the Vålådalen region.
ingemar.naslund@lansstyrelsen.se
Ingemar Näslund
näslund, ingemar, född 1957 i Åsele och
uppväxt i Vilhelmina i södra Lappland. Han
tog examen på Biologlinjen. Doktor i fiskbiologi vid SLU i Umeå 1991 med en avhandling
om näringsvandring hos öring och röding i
fjällvatten. 1981–99 arbetade han som forskare
vid Umeå universitet och SLU, samt vid Fiskeriverkets försöksstation i Kälarne, Jämtland.
Forskningen har varit inriktad på fiskbiologi i
strömmande vatten samt vattenbruk. Docent
vid SLU i Umeå sedan 2001. Näslund anställdes 1999 vid Länsstyrelsen i Jämtlands län och
360 vid fjällets fot
Daniel Rutgersson
rutgersson, daniel, född 1981 på Tjörn. Bebyggelseantikvarie. Master i kulturvård 2009
på en uppsats kring urbanmorfologi som metod för identifiering av kulturhistoriska karaktärsdrag i stadslandskap. Under 2010 arbetade
han inom den privata sektorn och upprättade
planeringsunderlag för kommuner över hela
Sverige. Sedan början av 2011 är han anställd
vid Tjörns kommun som planarkitekt.
daniel.rutgersson@tjorn.se
författarpresentationer
rutgersson, daniel, was born in 1981 on
the island of Tjörn. A specialist in building
reconstruction and sustainable development,
he gained his Master’s in conservation (built
environment) with an essay on urban morphology as a method for identifying heritage
characteristics of the urban landscape. In 2010
he was active in the private sector, drawing up
planning documentation for local authorities
all over Sweden. At the beginning of 2011 he
became a planning architect with the Municipality of Tjörn.
daniel.rutgersson@tjorn.se
Maja Rytorp
rytorp, maja, född 1982 i Göteborg. Hon tog
sin landskapsarkitektexamen 2010 på Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet i Alnarp. Titeln på
examensarbetet var ”Om att skapa en databas över Enaforsholms fjällträdgårds 60-åriga
växtförsök”. Parallellt med studierna var Maja
Rytorp under 2007 anställd som kursledare i
trädgårdsdesign vid Medborgarskolan i Malmö. 2006–08 var hon en av två trädgårdsmästare vid Enaforsholms fjällträdgård. Sedan
2008 har hon varit anställd på Stad & Landskap (Malmö kommun) som yrkesverksam
landskapsarkitekt. I sin strävan att fördjupa
sig i sitt yrke har Maja Rytorp genom stipendier och resor kunnat utforska sitt yrke på nya
marker, här kan nämnas tre veckors studier
vid Universitet i Kyoto 2009. Nästa projekt
utanför arbetet kommer att bli till hösten 2012
för att studera morisk arkitektur och trädgårdshistoria i Sydspanien och Marocko.
maja.rytorp@cstadlandskap.se
rytorp, maja, was born in Gothenburg in
1982 and graduated as a landscape architect
in 2010 at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp. Her degree thesis was
entitled (in Swedish) “Creating a database of
60 years’ plant experimentation at the Enaforsholm Mountain Garden”. Parallel to her
studies, she was engaged in 2007 as garden design course moderator by the Citizen School
(Medborgarskolan) adult education association in Malmö. Between 2006 and 2008 Maja
Rytorp was one of two master gardeners at
the Enaforsholm Mountain Garden. She has
been a practising landscape architect with
Stad & Landskap (Municipality of Malmö)
since 2008. Bursaries and travel have enabled
her, as part of her professional advancement,
to explore her profession in “fresh fields and
pastures new”, e.g. by studying at the University of Kyoto for three weeks in 2009. Her
next off-work project, in the autumn of 2012,
will be a study of Moresque architecture and
horticultural history in southern Spain and
Marocco.
maja.rytorp@cstadlandskap.se
Maria Sandström
sandström, maria, född 1969 i Skellefteå.
Hortonom vid SLU Alnarp och fil.kand. i företagsekonomi från Umeå Universitet. 1999–
2003 lärare på Grans Naturbruksskola i Öjebyn. Egen företagare inom trädgårdsbranschen från 2003. Arbetar med marknadsföring
och försäljning i ett familjeföretag sedan 2007.
Arbetade i Enaforsholms fjällträdgård 1997–99
och har sedan 2011 tagit över ansvaret för densamma. Sandström är svampkonsulent och
ofta anlitad som kursledare på höstarna.
maria@sandstrominnovation.se
sandström, maria, was born in 1969 in Skellefteå. MSc. in horticulture at SLU, Alnarp and
BSc. in social science with a major in business
administration at Umeå University. Between
1999 and 2003 she taught at Gran Agricultural
College, Öjebyn. She has been self-employed
in horticulture since 2003, but since 2007 has
been mainly concerned with marketing and
sales in a family-run business. She worked in
the Enaforsholm experimental garden as a
student between 1997and 1999, becoming its
manager in 2011. Sandström is a mushroom
consultant at Umeå University and is often
engaged as a course leader in the autumn.
maria@sandstrominnovation.se
vid fjällets fot 361
författarpresentationer
Madelene Seberbrink
seberbrink, madelene, född 1983 i Göteborg.
Bebyggelseantikvarie. Master i kulturvård
2009 med en uppsats som behandlade postindustriella transformeringsprocesser i Göteborg utifrån ett kulturhistoriskt perspektiv.
Efter examen fortsatte Madelene att studera
vid Chalmers tekniska högskola och är sedan
början av 2011 anställd vid Göteborgs stadsbyggnadskontor som antikvarie och utredare.
madelene.seberbrink@sbk.goteborg.se
seberbrink, madelene, was born in (Göteborg) Gothenburg in 1983. A specialist in
building reconstruction and sustainable development, she gained her Master’s in conservation (built environment) with an essay
addressing post-industrial transformation
processes in Gothenburg in the light of cultural history. After graduating, Madelene continued her studies at the Chalmers University
of Technology, and since 2011 has been a conservator and investigator at the Gothenburg
City Planning Office.
madelene.seberbrink@sbk.goteborg.se
362 vid fjällets fot
summary
At the Mountain’s Foot
Benefactor A.W. Bergsten and his Enaforsholm
in West Jämtland – from hunting lodge to mountain
farm
hans antonson
the whole of this book is devoted, in
various ways, to a single man, Alexander Wilhelm Bergsten (*19th November 1855, †2nd
August 1937). He was a well-to-do Swedish
wholesale merchant who led a relatively quiet
life in Stockholm. Born neither rich nor poor,
he was a self-made man. Like so many other
wealthy people in and around 1900, he bought
himself a hunting lodge in the Swedish mountains, namely, Enaforsholm estate in the province of Jämtland. Alpine tourism in those days
was a vital ingredient to this echelon of society,
which not only delighted in beautiful scenery
but went to stay there for health reasons, so as
to benefit from the clean, fresh mountain air.
Bergsten, moreover, became one of the greatest benefactors of agrarian science, donating
the greater part of his fortune, including his
Jämtland hunting property, to the Royal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry in Stockholm.
Jämtland lies in the middle of Sweden, on the
63rd parallel; see map, p. 14 and 71. It is characterised by great forests and wetlands, lakes,
rivers and bare mountain areas, but with relatively small cultivated acreages. Even so, it is
one of Sweden’s northernmost sizeable, contiguous inland farming districts. Enaforsholm, in
the parish of Åre and municipality of Duved,
is close to the Norwegian border in the west,
on the fringe of the bare mountain area. This
summary can very well be read conjointly with
all the tables and figures, the wording of which
has been translated into English.
This book is divided into a number of
themes, concerning Bergsten himself, i.e. his
early years, life and bequest, and the prices
which the bequest has resulted in and the
prize-winners (pp. 13–67), secondly the Enaforsholms Gård estate in the province of Jämtland, along with many subsidiary themes,
such as the historical evolution of the province (pp. 68–150), buildings on the estate (pp.
151–182), the garden (pp. 214–239 and 246–250)
and the scientific vegetation experiments (pp.
137, 189–194, 206–214 and 251–260), the restoration of the lands (pp. 261–266), hunting (pp.
280–312), and, finally, fishing (pp. 313–337).
This summary is based on the articles mentioned. The book can be termed a work of
popular science, based on facts corroborated
by source references. These are not included
in the present summary, but several of them
are to be found in the various captions. The
contributors have practical experience and/
or long scientific careers behind them (see the
presentation of authors, pp. 357–362).
vid fjällets fot 363
hans antonson
Early years
A.W. Bergsten was born in 1855 in the par-
ish of Gråmanstorp and province of Skåne
(Scania), on a farm in the village of Åby. His
family consisted of his parents and two elder
brothers. Surprisingly little is known about
his childhood and adolescence. During his
early years the family moved to various places where his stepfather worked, such as the
Rössjöholm estate, Getinge, Ankarlöv, Västra
(West) Sönnarslöv and Kvidinge. Bergsten
entered Högre Elementarläroverket (grammar
school), Helsingborg, in 1865. This in itself
testifies to his mother and stepfather investing
in a future for him and his brothers. At the
age of 16 he moved to Höganäs and became
a trainee apothecary. He took his basic diploma in 1875 in Helsingborg, having moved
there in the meantime, and was now halfway
to becoming a fully qualified pharmacist. Two
years after taking this diploma he curtailed his
pharmacy training and moved to Stockholm,
the capital of Sweden.
Stockholm life and business
enterprise
Bergsten was to have a long succession of addresses in Stockholm too, ranging from modest central hotels and boarding houses to his
luxurious villa near Prince Eugen’s Waldemars­
udde, on Royal Djurgården. Every change of
address indicates a step up the ladder and
growing prosperity. Stockholm at this time
was growing exponentially as a result of heavy
in-migration and a business bonanza. Even so,
in about 1880 it was still small by European
standards, with just under 170,000 people living in the city centre and 224,000 altogether in
Greater Stockholm. It was in Stockholm that
Bergsten embarked on his business career, as
a commercial traveller for Firma Lund­gren &
Nachmanson, selling white goods, i.e. fabrics of various kinds, sheets, towels and underwear. After his first year he stayed on as
364 vid fjällets fot
a shop assistant, and in 1882 he entered the
accounts department. In the autumn of 1883
Bergsten obtained official permission to start
the firm of Bergsten & Ernst in partnership
with a German, Emil Ernst. The latter had
worked for the wholesale firm of M. Lublin
as a commercial agent and book-keeper. His
specialised knowledge came in useful when
he travelled on business to Germany, one of
Sweden’s principal trading partners. The new
firm dealt in white goods, mainly underwear
and children’s wear, and in 1885 it had three
employees. We know that Bergsten visited
Germany, Austria and Switzerland between
1888 and 1889 for language studies. The two
partners stayed together for 11 years, until
1893, when Bergsten bought Ernst out of the
business. It is uncertain why this happened,
but there does not appear to have been any
split between them, because they remained
friends. Ernst had started a family and moved
to Södertälje. After the takeover, the firm expanded quickly, with production facilities of
its own, and by 1903 its personnel strength,
comprising seamstresses, clerks and errand
boys, had risen to 43, reaching 56 in 1908.
In 1893 Bergsten left Stureplan, in the centre of town, for the seclusion of Djurgården,
where he rented one of the main buildings of
the Waldemarsudde estate. Waldemarsudde
was eventually purchased by Eugen Bernadotte, the artist prince, who evicted all the
summer tenants but allowed Bergsten to stay
on, though in a different building. Bergsten
was permitted to alter an old building, today
known as Kvarngården (“Mill Farm”), between
1900 and 1901. A book about the Prince has
recently been published in English.1 Bergsten
had domestic servants, including a coachman,
a cook and a housekeeper. The housekeeper,
Maria Lindström (1871–1940), came to play a
very important part in Bergsten’s life. The exact nature of the relationship that developed
between them is not revealed by the sources,
but they were clearly very close. They never
married but were engaged at one point. Miss
summary
Lindström became Bergsten’s secretary in the
1890s, after working as a trainee in the business. Despite being wealthy and living next
door to a prince, Bergsten does not appear
to have rubbed shoulders with high society,
because if he had, it would have been mentioned in the papers. But he was, of course,
influenced by their lifestyle. Like so many
other moneyed persons, he travelled to the
mountains as an “air tourist”. He had developed ailments affecting his hearing and balance, and in 1905 he went to Storlien, Jämtland, where Dr Ernst Westerlund prescribed,
among other things, outdoor life in the fresh
mountain air, good food, walks and rest. West
Jämtland can be considered one of Sweden’s
earliest tourist destinations.2 In addition to
this form of curative tourism, wealthy people
had started buying hunting lodges in Norway,
beginning with the arrival of British bankers,
industrialists and army officers in the 1840s for
the hunting and fishing. Gradually, as hunting space began to run short and property
prices escalated, they looked further east in
Jämtland. Swedish noblemen, merchants and
timber magnates now also began buying up
properties and building hunting lodges.3 This
had been made all the easier by the advent of
the railway in 1875. One of these wealthy people, the company director Carl Fredrik Liljevalch, established a model farm at Medstugan,
not far from Storlien and Enafors, between
1896 and 1897. Bergsten too was attracted by a
farm, Enaforsholm, situated at the foot of the
mountain, not far from Storlien. Sale negotiations began in 1907. Bergsten retired at the
age of 55, probably because he had ”made his
pile” but also due to failing health. In 1909 he
sold the business to his right-hand man, office
manager Fritz Petzold.
Enaforsholm under Bergsten
Bergsten stayed on the Enaforsholms Gård
estate every summer from 1909 till 1935. He
gave it a complete makeover of his own devis-
ing and ordered new buildings on the grand
scale. The Main House acquired an upper storey, and its roof was altered from saddle roof
to hipped mansard. Herbret, an outbuilding
which had previously served as a shop and
storage building, was turned into a dwelling
house. He built a boathouse, an ice house,
a mangle house, a workshop and cart shed,
a hunting lodge and a fishing lodge. A foreman’s house was built in 1910, the old shippon was pulled down and a new one erected
in 1912. An additional dwelling house, known
as Ny­stugan (“New Cottage”) or Bläckhornet
(“The Inkwell”), was built in 1915. A summer
shippon was built in 1918, and so it went on.
Several buildings were also put of for the purpose of viewing the landscape. One of them
was the Viewing Pavilion (Gazebo), occupying an eminence on the other side of Lillån.
Bergsten replaced this with a viewing tower,
and the pavilion was moved to the cliff edge
by the Enan river falls. Höganloft, a refreshment pavilion built of unplaned timber, was
another of these buildings. Imbibing the
grandeur of Nature was an important concern
of this social class at the turn of the century.
Bergsten saw to it that the estate remained
a working farm, with pigs, sheep, cows and
horses. Of course, Bergsten did not do the
farming himself, though, having been born
on a farm, he doubtless had all the requisite
knowledge. The farm was the foreman’s responsibility. Bergsten devoted himself to his
other interests, especially hunting and fishing
but also photography and painting. He had
one of the buildings on the estate, the old
summer cottage which the previous farm occupants would move out to for the summer
season, converted into a studio. Several paintings by him are still to be seen in the main
building. Photographs of Enaforsholm are
unusually numerous, and they show life and
tasks about the farm, ranging from potato
gathering and haymaking to hunting and fishing. Miss Lindström, ever by his side, was frequently photographed, as were his dogs. Bergvid fjällets fot 365
hans antonson
sten was a good amateur photographer, and
his pictures are of high quality. The Academy
plans to publish them in book form. Bergsten
had a number of friends, though not many,
who would come to stay for hunting and fishing, and he would photograph their visits.
Hunting and fishing
Aside from art and photography, hunting
and fishing appear to have been Bergsten’s
great passion in life, and he had several hunting dogs, e.g. Irish and English setters, for
fowling, and the Springer spaniel and beagle, which were mainly for foxhunting and
hare chasing. But in Jämtland generally and
West Jämtland especially, these activities have
a long history, Quite simply, they were the
livelihood of people living in historical times.
There are Stone Age and Bronze Age rock
carvings of European moose and other game,
e.g. at Håltbergsudden, Landverk by Ånnsjön
lake in the parish of Åre. Trapping pits are another kind of prehistoric site bearing witness
to the importance of hunting. Sometimes
these are lined up, forming great systems.
The idea was for the animal to fall into the
pit and remain there, often still alive, until
the hunter came back to inspect the pit a few
days later. There is a trapping pit on the other side of the Enan river from Enaforsholm.
These trapping pits have been archaeologically dated to between the Neolithic (Stone
Age) and the 16th century, but we know from
written sources that they were still being used
in the 19th century. There were many different kinds of hunting, though, e.g. with
snares, spears, gins and guns. The moose was
the main quarry and is aptly displayed in the
Jämtland provincial coat of arms. The moose
was hunted for meat, antlers and hide. The
hide was the main export commodity in medieval times, sought after by royal houses all
over Europe, and there was extensive trading
in hides in Jämtland during the medieval and
early modern periods. No doubt this was an
366 vid fjällets fot
important source of income for farmers. But,
as many 18th and 19th century records make
clear, the supply of game was running out.
The beaver and wild reindeer disappeared
from Jämtland towards the end of the 19th
century, and the wolf occurred only sporadically until the 1930s. The beaver was declared
a wholly protected species in 1870, the wild
reindeer only in 1915, but both species vanished from the Jämtland fauna. The European moose numbers were small throughout
the 19th century, and from the beginning of
the 19th century to 1920s the species was totally protected during several periods, though
poaching was widespread. The Jämtland
County Association for Hunting and Wildlife
Management was formed in 1902, though its
activities did not pick up speed till the 1920s
and 30s. One of its objectives was to combat
illegal hunting and to appoint game management advisers to help re-establish game
stocks. Several game species began to recover
or return during Bergsten’s time. The improvement is mirrored by the statistics. Hunting today is a major social activity among the
people of Jämtland, with no less than 40 per
cent households represented. Enaforsholm
Fjällgård now leases land on Storsnasen for
wildfowl, small game and moose. Hunting activities are organised there for guests between
August and October.
Fishing too has a long history, with traces
discovered at settlement sites dating from
the Stone Age onwards. The wealthy hunting tourists visiting West Jämtland were also
keen fishermen. There are many photographs
of Bergsten fishing in the falls, sometimes using a road made of greenheart (a South American wood) with a reel. This was presumably
used for an early form of fly-fishing which was
more like angling, with a sinker and a worm
on a hook. He also fished in quieter waters
from a boat, and his servants fished with nets.
The main fish caught in the Enan was brown
trout, both freshwater and sea trout. The latter moves up from Ånnsjön lake in late sum-
summary
mer and autumn to its spawning grounds and
can pass the falls at Enaforsholm, but has difficulty negotiating the Storforsen falls further
upstream. The uncommon river-breeding
char was also caught, but is today more of a
rarity. In the Ånnsjö area it often grows large,
attaining weights of nearly 2 kg. Fishing of
brown trout and char is now prohibited from
1st September onwards, enabling them to
breed undisturbed.
The Enan river flows into Ånnsjön lake,
the surroundings of which have an interesting history bearing striking resemblances to
that of hunting. Admiral Sir Houston Stewart
became, in the 1890s, the first Englishman to
come here. He leased the fishing on the hamlets of Granön and Landverk. But the brothers
Admiral Edward and Squire William Kennedy
really stand apart. They came to Klocka hamlet towards the end of the 1890s and Edward
acquired, first Granön in 1905 and then, in
1907, one-sixth of the Landverk fishing rights
and the Ånnsjö fishing rights, except that he
was only able to lease the Crown share. The
villagers of Vallan, however, considered themselves entitled to fish on the Admiral’s land.
This generated a protracted dispute, reported
on by the newspaper Östersundsposten in 1909.
The Admiral pursued the matter through the
courts and the dispute was later taken over
by his son-in-law, G.W. Stopford. A final ruling, establishing that the Vallan farmers had
no fishing rights, only came in 1936. The last
year of the English at Ånnsjön came in 1955,
when Stopford was 85. The property was put
up for sale in 1958 and acquired by Jämtlands
Läns Sportfiskeklubb (the Jämtland County
Amateur Fishing Club). Canadian char were
illegally planted in the lake and first caught in
1974. This had the effect of reducing the native
char population, at the same time as the Canadian char gained weight, being typical predators. By 1992 these problems had grown so serious that a cull of char fry had to be started.
The problems have diminished, but fishing
the Canadian char to extinction is simply not
possible. Large parts of Ånnsjön lake are now
open for licensed amateur fishing. Fishing
with split-shot rigs, as well as fly-fishing and
spin casting, is commonly practised. So too is
jig fishing in springtime, especially by refrozen fissures in the ice. Guests at Enaforsholm
can fish from the E14 road bridge out towards
Ånnsjön, Enaforsholm Fjällgård having purchased a fishing licence for this purpose.
Enaforsholm before Bergsten
Enaforsholm, however, had a long history before Bergsten’s time. The Ånnsjön area was already inhabited in the Stone Age, and several
archaeological remains in the form of rock
carvings and settlement sites recall the earliest human presence here. A well-preserved
Viking sword has also been found on the
mountain, without ever having been buried.
Sami have lived and worked here for ages,
concurrently with Vikings and later colonists.
Bergsten photographed several Sami camps
in the Enafors area and actually had a Sami
hut erected on his property. Traces of it were
still clearly visible in the 1960s. But perhaps
one of the most conspicuous historic features
hereabouts is the traces of Charles XII’s Norwegian campaign of 1719, or rather, traces
of the soldiers, known as Armfelt’s Carolinians, who froze to death on the homeward
march over the mountains on New Year’s
Day. Several monuments commemorate the
tragedy. In Handöl in 1889, a soapstone slab
was found, inscribed “600 persons were buried here on 20th January 1719”, and a large
mass grave was discovered in a field in 1936.
Probably this archaeological find also came to
Bergsten’s knowledge. New settlements are a
special category of settlement in the 18th and
19th centuries, meaning in Jämtland that people were at liberty to start a farm on Crown
land and to enjoy very long-lasting tax exemption for doing so. There are several new
settlements north of Ånnsjön, e.g. Klocka.
The first recorded mention of land use at
vid fjällets fot 367
hans antonson
Postcard of Enaforsholm and Snasahögarna when the then owners, Enafors AB (Ltd), demolished the sawmill
in 1907. The photo is taken from the Gazebo and the remains of the sawmill are visible in the bottom right-hand
corner. The main building, dating from 1877, still had a saddle roof. The forward part of the island separating the
two branches of the Lillån river has neither trees nor bushes, and several hay racks have been erected in the fields
behind. photo: no. 1710, Axel Lindahls fotografiaffär, Stockholm. KSLA archives.
Vykort över Enaforsholm och Snasahögarna när dåvarande ägarna Enafors aktiebolag rev sågverket 1907. Fotografiet är taget från utsiktspaviljongen och resterna av sågen syns i bildens nedre högra hörn. Stora huset från
1877 hade fortfarande ett sadeltak. Den främre delen av ön som delar av Lillåns båda flöden saknar träd och
buskar och på åkrarna bakom byggnaden står flera hässjestörar uppsatta. foto: nr 1710, Axel Lindahls fotografiaffär, Stockholm. KSLA:s arkiv.
Enarforsholm is a map dating from 1828–29,
showing that parts of the land on Holmen
were used as pasture for the then summertime farm (shieling) of Brubbvallen, today the
community connected with Enafors railway
station. In 1871 the felling rights in the Holmen woods were acquired by Jens Stensaas, a
Norwegian, and Gunnar Eriksson. A waterpowered sawmill was commissioned on Holmen, by the Lillån falls, in 1877, and this is the
first time the name of Enaforsholm is mentioned, namely in “Enaforsholm Sawmill”.
There is a detailed Statutory Redistribution
map of the area, drawn in 1885–86. This shows
368 vid fjällets fot
all types of land, such as arable, pasture, forest
and meadowland, but it also shows buildings,
a lawn in front of the main building and a
kitchen garden behind. People travelling between Duved in Sweden and Tydalen in Norway during summertime probably crossed by
way of Enaforsholm, continuing across the
Enan river on a raft. In addition to running
a sawmill, Stensaas also cashed in on tourism,
which the coming of the railway had turned
into a growth industry. In addition to buying groceries from Stensaas’s general store,
the tourists could both sleep and have meals
at Enaforsholm. Stensaas died in 1898 and a
summary
consortium of 7 persons took over Enafors­
holm, forming Enafors AB (Ltd) in 1900. The
new limited company never used the sawmill
again, but the boarding house business was
carried on by a manager called Lönnborg.
As an additional lure for tourists, the place
was dubbed the Enaforsholmen Sanatorium.
Fresh-air tourism, then, was an important
money-spinner. But the sanatorium cannot
have prospered sufficiently, because in the
summer of 1907 we find a Miss Backman renting out rooms to tourists, but without board.
The will and the bequest
Bergsten died, in his Djurgården home, in
1937. The newspaper obituaries were brief,
which gives some idea of his aversion to publicity. In his will, drawn up in 1922, he left a
considerable fortune, large portions of which,
Enaforsholm included, were donated to the
Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture, as
KSLA was then known. The reason for the bequest is not known, and Miss Lindström was
unable, subsequently, to account for it. But,
as in the case of his hunting estate, it is not
inconceivable that he emulated other benefactors and philanthropists from the same social
stratum, one in which benefactions were common practice. In 1937 the Academy found itself the steward of a total of SEK 803,400. The
will stipulates that the yield on this capital
shall “in its entirety be devoted to the best interests of agriculture by arousing, as the Academy sees fit, either in the form of travelling
scholarships or as rewards or as some other
form of support, inclination for and interest in agriculture on the part of industrious
Swedish citizens, whether younger or older,
or economic associations of citizens who have
devoted their life’s work to agriculture or a
kindred occupation.” In 2000 the bequest was
registered as a foundation, now administered
by the Academy. One of the finest distinctions
awarded by the Academy is the A.W. Bergsten
Prize, awarded 74 times before 2012. But re-
wards are also presented to smallholders and
agricultural students, two categories which
Bergsten had very much at heart.
Enaforsholm after Bergsten
After Bergsten’s death, the tenure of Enafors­
holm passed to Miss Lindström. She had the
so-called Academy Wing rebuilt in accordance with Bergsten’s wishes. Then the Second World War supervened and the place
became a military camp, as could long be
seen from the presence of barrack-room beds.
The Academy’s real involvement began with
Professor Gunnar Torstensson (Principal of
the Academy of Agriculture) taking students
with him to Enaforsholm 1st September 1949.
Another very devoted person was Sven Gréen,
Principal of the Experimental Field (the site
of Stockholm University), entered the scene
in 1948. Summer courses of mountain ecology and concerning nature and nurture in
the mountain region have been going on ever
since at Enaforsholm, for example with Kjell
Lundquist as moderator for 20-odd years until 2010. Academy members have been able to
stay at Enaforsholm in connection with various research experiments, but also for purely
recreational purposes. In addition, the estate
has been used for tourism, providing both
board and lodging. The location, just a stone’s
throw from Enafors railway station, is not exactly a drawback communication-wise. So far,
under the Academy’s supervision, In 2008-09
an extension as built at the rear of the building, in the form of a veranda linked with the
dining room, at the same time as individual
toilets were installed in nearly all rooms, thus
making the place more comfortable and increasing the dining room seating capacity,
e.g. for the benefit of wedding parties, conference and course participants. Certain longvanished architectural qualities were partly
resuscitated.
As from July 2007, the farm and the general management have been in the hands of Bo
vid fjällets fot 369
hans antonson
Berglund and Ingalill Samuelsson. The Enaforsholms Fjällgård business is now run as a
limited company (AB Enaforsholm, owned by
the A.W. Bergsten Foundation), registered by
the Academy on 31st July that year, its stated
purpose being, “in the spirit of our benefactor A.W. Bergsten, to develop, market and
conduct outdoor, cultural and agriculturally
related activities and receive guest at Fjällgården Enaforsholm, as well as conducting
activities compatible therewith.” Enaforsholm
has 50 beds. The farm is based on cattle raising. For some months in the summer season it
has about 30 sheep and lambs, plus a number
of beef cattle, grazing the courtyard and the
meadows north of the Enan river, over against
the E14 highway.
Research and experimentation at
Enaforsholm
Miss Lindström was one of two executors of
Bergsten’s will. In a letter to the Academy, she
wrote that the benefactor had wanted efforts
to be made in future “to start a model farm
or so-called experimental establishment on
the property in an attempt to ascertain [partly
by means of ] experimental growing what can
be suitable for cultivation in mountain areas”.
Four kinds of research study/experimentation
have been conducted at Enaforsholm since
the 1950s, namely forest, horticultural, mountain vegetation and ley-plant studies.
The first alien conifers were planted on the
island in 1956, the last in 1959. The new conifers
were from Russia, North America and Japan.
This was initially undertaken under the aegis
of what is now the Swedish Forest Tree Breeding Association. The species were planted in
groups of between 18 and 44 in an arboretum
where mountain spruce trees were growing
already. New experiments were laid out between 1961 and 1971 in Mossbäckshöjden hill,
on the other side of the E14 highway, by the
Royal College of Forestry Department of Reforestation, to study the survival capacity and
370 vid fjällets fot
development of the different species. These
experiments were recurrently studied, e.g.
in 1982, 1990 and 1991, but most of the pine
trees were already dead by 1966, despite coming from places at the same altitude above sea
level. It was also observed that spruce was adversely affected by trees and that several trees
died as a result of damage inflicted by voles.
The Observation Garden/Experimental
Garden was started by Sven Gréen in 1948, but
was based on the herb or spice garden maintained by both Stensaas and Bergsten. The
intention was for this experimental garden
to be used for teaching purposes at the then
Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and
for the development of different species to
be recorded. Any number of perennials were
planted, such as fruit bushes, fruit trees, ornamental shrubs, strawberries and vegetables.
The next phase was opened in 1965 by Börje
Lövkvist, whose attention at this time focused
on the effects of night frost. The garden was
tended mainly by horticulture and landscape
architecture students. During this period
Lövkvist developed the hybrid roseroot, a
cross between roseroot or Aaron’s rod (Rhodiola rosea (Sedum rosea) and the roseroot R.
kirilowii (S. kirilowii). Between 1991 and 2005
the horticultural experiments were headed
by Kjell Lundquist, the aim being to develop
Sweden’s most variegated garden of strains for
Swedish Plant Zone 8, with a certain amount
of continuing experimentation. After a period
of some neglect, the garden was put in order.
Narcissus, lilies, tulips, pearly hyacinth, crocuses, squills and irises were planted for observation and evaluation. The potato-growing
experiments were later resumed, and the garden partly re-designed with a central axis. As
from 2011, work was headed by Maria Sandström and the garden renamed Enaforsholms
Fjällträdgård (the Enaforsholm Mountain
Garden). A distinctive feature hitherto has
been the introduction of new species, such
as rhubarb, Manchurian cherry, Microbiota
decussata and Japanese spurge. Work in the
summary
garden could be observed on the web through
a picture gallery and a blog.
Mountain vegetation experiments began in
1974 and comprise a “vegetation profile” which
in turn consists of two “botanical-phenological
lines”, laid out and documented from Enafors­
holm northwards to Högåsen and southwards
to Storsnasen. Along these lines, a total of 25
observation squares, each measuring 10 x 10
metres, were laid out to cover the plant communities, climatic conditions and exposures of
the profile. These were documented in detail,
in both text and sketches. The purpose of the
experiment was to try and clarify the interaction between climate, topography and bedrock
and to describe species and plant communities. The squares were visited, with varying degrees of regularity and completeness, up until
1986, for the registration of various phonological data. A new follow-up in 2011 showed, on
a general plane, that the structure and physiognomy of the vegetation had changed very
little if at all, but in detail the results different
from one square to another. Some bushes, for
example, had grown, the meadow species had
diminished in number and the squares had become more oligospecific.
The ley cultivation experiments on arable land proceeded between 1985 and 1988
and between 1990 and 1993, their purpose
being to test the winter survival capacity of
Svalöf Weibull AB cultivars in the very rigorous winter conditions of Enaforsholm. The
test material included red clover, white clover, Timothy grass, common bent, Hungarian brome, cock’s foot and smooth meadow
grass, but also commercially available fodder
plant mixtures. It was found that only Timothy grass and, possibly, meadow fescue were
hardy enough to withstand the severe climate
conditions prevailing in this region.
Enaforsholm and the future
The history of Enaforsholm, both during
Bergsten’s time and before and after, is one
of change as regards the Mountain Garden,
settlement and the appearance and use of the
landscape. The buildings are continuously
renovated and have in certain cases been enlarged. The garden has gradually changed over
a long period of time, and a different design
is planned for it in future. The arable fields
and pastures near the farm have also changed
in terms of appearance and function. As has
already been made clear, Enaforsholm now
belongs to a foundation managed by the
Academy. This will not change. As a result of
a substantial upgrade of the main building in
2008–09 and greater emphasis on marketing
in both Sweden and Norway, visitor figures
are steadily rising and the financial position
improving. Various offers and group activities
are being developed as time goes on, some of
them successful, others one-off attempts. One
thing we can be sure of is that the passage of
time means changes in various respects. This
has always been the case and always will be.
We can only hope that people of the future
will appreciate the changes made in their own
time.
Visit Enaforsholm
The above presentation of the place, its history, the landscape, the settlement, the Mountain Garden, research and experimentation,
hunting and fishing should be sufficient reason in itself for visiting Enaforsholm. This
part of Jämtland was the cradle of Sweden’s
tourist industry. Tourism remains a big sector in both summer and winter. Mountain
trekking between the Swedish Tourist Association’s mountain stations is a very popular
activity. Fishing also attracts large numbers of
tourists, as do mountain biking and cloudberry picking. The magnificence of wild flowers
is always to be counted on in summertime.
The Swedish-Norwegian mountains alone
have countless species, all of them endemic
and many of them to be found in the Enafors­
holm area. In late winter/early spring tourists
vid fjällets fot 371
hans antonson
are lured by the prospect of ice fishing. Otherwise long-distance skiing is a popular attraction, as well as downhill skiing on the slopes
of Storlien, not to mention the World Cup
slopes of Åre. Then again, the skiing slopes
can also be reached by train or bus. Enafors­
holms Fjällgård offers modern accommodation in a unique agrarian environment. For
those with an appetite for learning, the Academy Wing has a non-fiction library about West
Jämtland. For those seeking some other kind
of recreation, there is a wood-fired bathing
tub, a sauna and cold bathing in the Enan river, just a stone’s throw away. The farm serves
good food, much of it of local character and
origin. Sheep and cows graze the land. Fish is
caught in the river and there is hunting on the
slopes of Snasahögarna. Outsiders can join in
the autumn hunting, insofar as there are places available. Enaforsholm guests are entitled
to fish in the Enan river.
The surroundings have a number of sights
to see, such as the Carolinian monument at
Handöl, in the village of Vallan (near Ånn)
and on the hiking trail to Blåhammarkläppen.
The stone in Grönan valley is wreathed in legend, with inscriptions on the bare mountain
6 km north of Storlien, beside the road past
Skurdalsporten. Handöl has the biggest soapstone quarry in Sweden, and soapstone craft
products are popular with tourists. There is
also the possibility of making an excursion to
Nidaros Cathedral in Norway’s Trondheim.
The Brudslöjan (“Bridal Veil”) falls on the
Norwegian border and the Tännforsen rapids
372 vid fjällets fot
near Duved are other impressive sights, not
easily forgotten.
The easiest way of getting to Enaforsholm
is by train. Enafors and its railway station are
only a short walk away. Alternatively, one
can fly to Frösön or Trondheim airport. The
E14 highway between Sundsvall to the east
and Trondheim in the west passes close by
Enafors­holm, and there are plenty of parking
spaces at the farm. The KSLA website (www.
ksla.se/en/) includes contact details, in English, for the Enaforsholm Mountain Farm.
Notes
1 Söderlund 2010.
2 Nilsson 2003.
3 Järnfeldt-Carlsson 1998.
References
Printed works
Järnfeldt-Carlsson, Marta, 1988, Landskap, jaktvillor & kurhotell. Arkitektur och turism i Västjämtland 1880–1915 [Landscape, Hunting Villas, Resort Hotels. Architecture and Tourism in
Western Jämtland 1880–1915], with an English
Summary, Umeå, 238 pp.
Nilsson, Per Åke, 2003, Åre tourism: the Åre Valley
as a resort during the 19th and 20th centuries,
Hammerdal, 54 pp.
Söderlund, Göran, 2010, Prince Eugen’s Waldemarsudde: a guide to the museum, Prins Eugens
Waldemarsudde, Stockholm, 53 pp.